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This is a list of Arabic letter components used in Arabic script.
A = The letter is used for most languages and dialects with writing systems based on Arabic.
MSA = Letters used in Modern Standard Arabic.
CA = Letters used in Classical Arabic.
AD = Letters used in some regional Arabic Dialects.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects.
"Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian.
FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words.
SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
AW = Arabic words: the letter is used in additional languages to spell Arabic words.
Letter Line Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
positional forms | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
start | ء | ا | none | ىـ | (YNB) | ٮـ | حـ | سـ | صـ | طـ | عـ | ڡـ | (QF) | ٯـ | ڪـ | كـ | کـ | گـ | لـ | مـ | د | ر | و | ھـ | ہـ | هـ | لا | |||||
middle | ء | ـا | none | ـىـ | (YNB) | ـٮـ | ـحـ | ـسـ | ـصـ | ـطـ | ـعـ | ـڡـ | (QF) | ـٯـ | ـڪـ | ـكـ | ـکـ | ـگـ | ـلـ | ـمـ | ـد | ـر | ـو | ـھـ | ـہـ | ـهـ | ـلا | |||||
end | ء | ـا | ـے | ـى | ـں | ـٮ | ـح | ـس | ـص | ـط | ـع | ـڡ | ـٯ | ـڪ | ـك | ـک | ـگ | ـل | ـم | ـد | ـر | ـو | ـھ | ـہ | ـه | ـلا | ||||||
image of forms | isolated start middle end | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
Unicode for above | U+0621 | U+0627 | U+06D2 | U+0649 | U+06BA | U+066E | U+062D | U+0633 | U+0635 | U+0637 | U+0639 | U+06A1 | U+066F | U+06AA | U+0643 | U+06A9 | U+06AF | U+0644 | U+0645 | U+062F | U+0631 | U+0648 | U+06BE | U+06C1 | U+0647 | ا + ل | ||||||
Languages that use the letter shape with or without i'jam | Arabic | Arabic | Urdu | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Sindhi, Arabic SV | Arabic | Farsi, Urdu, Arabic SV | Farsi, Urdu | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Arabic | Urdu, Arabic SV | Urdu, Arabic SV | Arabic, Farsi | Arabic | ||||||
diacritics (i) | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
none | start mid end | ء | ـا ا | ـــے ے | ىـ ـىـ ـى | ـں ں | ٮـ ـٮـ ـٮ | حـ ـحـ ـح | سـ ـسـ ـس | صـ ـصـ ـص | طـ ـطـ ـط | عـ ـعـ ـع | ڡـ ـڡـ ـڡ | ٯـ ـٯـ ـٯ | ڪــ ـڪــ ـڪ | كـ ـكـ ـك | کـ ـکـ ـک | گـ ـگـ ـگ | لـ ـلـ ـل | مـ ـمـ ـم | ـد د | ـر ر | ـو و | ھـ ـھـ ـھ | ہـ ـہـ ـہ | هـ ـهـ ـه | ـلا لا | |||||
Languages using the bare shape with no additions | Arabic | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Urdu | MSA | Urdu, Arabic SV | Arabic SV Rasm | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic SV in Rasm | Arabic SV in Rasm | Sindhi, Arabic SV | Arabic | Farsi, Urdu, Arabic SV | Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Arabic, Farsi, Urdu | Urdu, Arabic SV | Urdu, Arabic SV | Arabic, Farsi | MSA | ||||||
Unicode for above | U+0621 | U+0627 | U+06D2 | U+0649 | U+06BA | U+066E | U+062D | U+0633 | U+0635 | U+0637 | U+0639 | U+06A1 | U+066F | U+06AA | U+0643 | U+06A9 | U+06AF | U+0644 | U+0645 | U+062F | U+0631 | U+0648 | U+06BE | U+06C1 | U+0647 | ل + ا | ||||||
Bare line in isolated and end forms only | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ی | ࢽ | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ࢼ | ࢻ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
start mid end | یـ ـیـ ـی | ࢽـ ـࢽـ ـࢽ | ࢻـ ـࢻـ ـࢻ | ࢼـ ـࢼـ ـࢼ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+08BD | U+08BB | U+08BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes: (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 dot below | ◌࣭ ◌ٜ ــٜـ ﮳ | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ب | ج | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
connected | بـ ـبـ ـب | جـ ـجـ ـج | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB3 U+065C | Unicode | U+0628 | U+062C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 dot above + 1 dot below | ﮲﮳ | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ڹ | ٮ | ح | ښ | ۻ | ط | ۼ | ڣ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ږ | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
connected | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 dot above | ◌࣪ ﮲ | isolated | ء | ا | ے | ى | ن | ٮ | خ | س | ض | ظ | غ | ف | ڧ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | ذ | ز | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
connected | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB2 | Unicode | U+0646 | U+062E | U+0636 | U+0638 | U+063A | U+0641 | U+06A7 | U+0630 | U+0632 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 dots below start and mid (iii) | ﮵ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | یـ ـیـ ـی ی | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Farsi, Urdu, AD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB5 U+FBB5 | Unicode | U+06CC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 dots below all positions | ﮵ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | يـ ـيـ ـي ي | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Arabic (iv) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB5 U+FBB5 | Unicode | U+064A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 vertical dots below | ﮾ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBBE | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 vertical dots above | ﮽ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBBD | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 horizontal dots above | ﮴ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ت | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ق | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ـۃ | ـة | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FBB4 | Unicode | U+062A | U+0642 | U+06C3 | U+0629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
﮴ | above: 2 dots |
﮵ | below: 2 dots |
﮽ | above: 2 dots (vertically) |
﮾ | below: 2 dots (vertically) |
U+08EB (2283) | ◌࣫ | TWO DOTS ABOVE |
U+08EE (2286) | ◌࣮ | TWO DOTS BELOW |
ث پ چ ژ ش | Arabic & Persian |
ݑ ڥ ڤ ڨ ڠ ڟ ڞ ۺ ڜ ڛ څ ڿ ۑ ۋ ڮ ڴ ڷ ڸ | other pointing out |
ݤ ڏ ݓ ݒ ݡ ݘ ݞ | inverted |
3 dots below (horizontal) | ﮳ ﮳ ﮳ | character | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ݐ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Fula | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+0750 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots below (inverted) | ﮷ | character | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB7 | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots below | ﮹ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | پ | چ | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB9 | Unicode | U+067E | U+0686 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots above + 3 dots below | ﮹﮶ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | ڜ | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB6 + U+FBB9 | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots above | ﮶ | isolated form | ث | ش | ژ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB6 | Unicode | U+062B | U+0634 | U+0698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 dots above (inverted) | ﮸ | character | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBB8 | Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 dots below | ﮻ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ڀ | ڇ | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBBB | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 dots above | ﮺ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٿ | ح | ݜ | ص | ط | ع | ڦ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | ڐ | ڙ | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Shina, Torwali | Sindhi, Shina, Torwali | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBBA | Unicode | U+067F | U+075C | U+0690 | U+0699 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
mixed dots above + below | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ڿ | ۺ | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
small tōē below | ﯁ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ݮ | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
connected form(s) | ݮـ ـݮـ ـݮ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+076E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Khowar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
small tōē above | ـــؕــ ﯀ ◌ؕ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ڻ | ٹ | ݲ | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ࣇ لؕ | م | ڈ | ڑ | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
connected form(s) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Urdu Punjabi Torwali | Languages | Punjabi | Urdu | Torwali | Punjabi [1] | Urdu | Urdu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+0615 U+FBC0 | Unicode | U+06BB | U+0679 | U+0772 | U+0688 | U+0691 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
small tōē + dot(s) | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ݨ | ٮ | ح | ݰ | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ݱ | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
connected form(s) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Punjabi, Seraiki, Shina | Torwali | Torwali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
ring | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ؠ | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ګ | گ | ل | م | ډ | ړ | ۄ | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FBBF | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ring and dots | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ڼ | ټ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
horizontal line | — | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ۍ ـۍ | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ؈ | ڪ | ك | گ | ݪ | م | د | ݛ | ۅ | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | Punjabi, Marwari, Kalami | Kirghiz | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+075B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
multiple lines | ﮼ | isolated form | ۽ | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ࢦ | ۾ | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+FBBC | Unicode | U+08A6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
vertical line | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ك | ڪ | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Persian numeral 2 above | ٢ | ٢ | isolated form | ء | ا | ݺ | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | ݸ | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Burushaski | Languages | Burushaski | Burushaski | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+077A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persian numeral 3 above | ٣ | ٣ | isolated form | ء | ا | ݻ | ݶ | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
image | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Burushaski | Languages | Burushaski | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+077B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persian numeral 4 above | ۴ | ۴ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | ݽ | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
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Burushaski | Languages | Burushaski | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+077D | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persian numeral 4 below | ۴ | ۴ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ݷ | ں | ٮ | ݼ | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
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Burushaski | Languages | Burushaski | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unicode | U+077C | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
V below | ٚ | ٛ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ݕ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ڕ | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
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Languages | Wolof | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+065B U+065A | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
small V above | ــٚـ | ◌ٚ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ێ | ں | ݖ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ڵ | م | د | ڒ | ۆ | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
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Languages | Wolof | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+065A | Unicode | U+0756 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
inverted V above | ــٛـ | ◌ٛ | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ؽ | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | ۮ | ۯ | ۉ | ۿ | ہ | ه | لا | |||
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U+065B | Unicode | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
arrow and dots | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
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Unicode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
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Hamza below | ــٕـ | ◌ٕ | isolated form | ء | إ | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لإ | |||
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sometimes omitted in contexts where short vowel diacritics are omitted | Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+0655 | Unicode | U+0625 | U+0644 + U+0625 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hamza above | ــٔـ | ◌ٔ | isolated form | ء | أ | ۓ | ئ | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | ؤ | ھ | ۂ | ۀ | لأ | |||
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sometimes omitted in contexts where short vowel diacritics are omitted | Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+0674 U+0654 | Unicode | U+0623 | U+06D3 | U+0626 | U+0624 | U+06C2 | U+06C0 | U+0644 + U+0623 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hamza and dots | isolated form | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
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Languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
maddah above | ــۤـ ــٓـ ◌ٓ ◌ۤ | isolated form | ء | آ | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لآ | ||||
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doesn't strictly count as i'jam, but included in a lot of situations where other diacritics are left out. | Languages | Arabic, Urdu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U+06E4 U+0653 | Unicode | U+0622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wasala above | isolated form | ء | ٱ | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
![]() | image | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Languages | CA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
none (v) | Unicode | U+0671 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ڪ | ك | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | |||||
diacritics (i) | Letter Shapes (ii) | ء | ا | ے | ى | ں | ٮ | ح | س | ص | ط | ع | ڡ | ٯ | ك | ڪ | ک | گ | ل | م | د | ر | و | ھ | ہ | ه | لا | ||||||
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^i. The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols". [2] The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U+0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.
^ii. For most letters the isolated form is shown, for select letters all forms (isolated, start, middle, and end) are shown.
^iii. Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below.
^iv. These characters are used by most languages that use writing systems based on Arabic, though sometimes only in foreign words.
^v. A Wasala diacritic Unicode character has been proposed but not yet released.
The Arabic alphabet, or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός, from διακρίνω. The word diacritic is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨á⟩, grave ⟨à⟩, and circumflex ⟨â⟩, are often called accents. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.
The Coptic script is the script used for writing the Coptic language, the latest stage of Egyptian. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the uncial Greek alphabet, augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic. It was the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language. There are several Coptic alphabets, as the script varies greatly among the various dialects and eras of the Coptic language.
A cedilla, or cedille, is a hook or tail added under certain letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation. In Catalan, French, and Portuguese it is used only under the letter c, and the entire letter is called, respectively, c trencada, c cédille, and c cedilhado. It is used to mark vowel nasalization in many languages of sub-Saharan Africa, including Vute from Cameroon.
Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include consonant pointing known as iʻjām (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as tashkīl (تَشْكِيل). The latter include the vowel marks termed ḥarakāt.
The Romanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Romanian language. It is a modification of the classical Latin alphabet and consists of 31 letters, five of which have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language:
When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot refers to the glyphs "combining dot above", and "combining dot below" which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in a variety of languages. Similar marks are used with other scripts.
A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.
The Syriac alphabet is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic and Sogdian, the precursor and a direct ancestor of the traditional Mongolian scripts.
The Persian alphabet, also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic alphabet with four additional letters: پ چ ژ گ. It was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It is used for the Iranian and Dari standard varieties of Persian; and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic-based Tajik alphabet.
Waw is the sixth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician wāw 𐤅, Aramaic waw 𐡅, Hebrew vav ו, Syriac waw ܘ and Arabic wāw و.
Yodh is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician yōd 𐤉, Hebrew yud י, Aramaic yod 𐡉, Syriac yōḏ ܝ, and Arabic yāʾ ي. Its sound value is in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as a long vowel, representing.
Diacritical marks of two dots¨, placed side-by-side over or under a letter, are used in a number of languages for several different purposes. The most familiar to English-language speakers are the diaeresis and the umlaut, though there are numerous others. For example, in Albanian, ë represents a schwa. Such diacritics are also sometimes used for stylistic reasons.
The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which itself is derived from the Arabic script. It has official status in the republics of Pakistan, India and South Africa. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39 or 40 distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly written in the Naskh style.
Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t were combined. The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by Thomas Milo's DecoType.
The Pashto alphabet is the right-to-left abjad-based alphabet developed from the Arabic script, used for the Pashto language in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It originated in the 16th century through the works of Pir Roshan.
Pegon is a modified Arabic script used to write the Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese languages, as an alternative to the Latin script or the Javanese script and the Old Sundanese script. It was used in a variety of applications, from religion, to diplomacy, to poetry. But today particularly, it is used for religious (Islamic) writing and poetry, particularly in writing commentaries of the Qur'an. Pegon includes letters that are not present in Modern Standard Arabic. Pegon has been studied far less than its Jawi counterpart which is used for Malay, Acehnese and Minangkabau.
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Swahili Ajami script refers to the alphabet derived from Arabic script that is used for the writing of Swahili language.