Central Bikol language

Last updated
Central Bikol
Bikol Sentral
Native to Philippines
Region Bicol
Ethnicity Bicolano
Native speakers
(2.5 million cited 1990 census) [1]
6th most spoken native language in the Philippines [2]
Latin (Bikol alphabet)
Bikol Braille
Historically Basahan
Official status
Official language in
 Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3 bcl
Glottolog cent2087
Bikol Sentral language map.png
Areas where Central Bicolano is spoken in the Philippines
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A Central Bikol speaker, recorded in the United States.

Central Bikol commonly called Bikol Naga, [3] also known simply as Bikol, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolanos, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect.

Contents

Central Bikol features some vocabularies that are not found in other Bikol languages nor to other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples of these are words the matua and bitis which are the same with Kapampangan words that means older and foot/feet respectively. The word banggi (night) is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word "gab-i" but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There's no formal study about the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.

Central Bikol dialects

Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into 6 dialects, but are still mutually comprehensible. The division of the language into different dialects are mainly because of the influence from other Bikol languages and other non-Bikol languages surrounding the region.

The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small number of population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol being used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first, second, third districts (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers), and in the western & eastern portions of the 4th district (Caramoan, Garchitorena, Presentacion, Siruma and Tinambac) of Camarines Sur. It is also spoken in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias Island) and southwestern part of Catanduanes . The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in the southern portion of the 4th districts (Goa, Lagonoy, Sagñay, San Jose, and Tigaon). The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages. The Daet dialect on the other hand is spoken in the 2nd district of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southeastern part of the island of Catanduanes.

Dialectal comparison of Central Bikol

Canaman dialect (Standard)Naga City dialectPartido dialectTabaco -Legazpi - Sorsogon (TLS) dialectVirac dialectDaet dialect Rinconada Bikol language
(Inland Bikol)		 Sorsoganon language
(Bisakol)
Tàdaw ta dai luminayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na dai nin kandado an hawla?Tâno daw ta dai naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na mayò nin kandado si hawla?Hadáw ta `e naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na `e nin kandado su hawla?Natà daw ta dai naglayog an bayong ni Pedro maski na warâ ki kandado su hawla?Ngatà daw ta dai nagḽayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski na daing kandado su hawla?Bakin daw kaya dai naglupad ang ibon ni Pedro maski na mayong kandado si hawla?Ta'onō/Ŋātâ raw ta diri naglayog adtoŋ bayoŋ ni Pedro dāwâ na ədâ ka kandado su awlā?Nakay daw kay diri naglupad an tamsi ni Pedro maski na warâ sin kandado su hawla?

Like other Philippine languages, Bikol has a number of loanwords, largely Spanish as a result of 333 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. This includes swerte (suerte, luck), karne (carne, meat), imbestigador (investigador, investigator), litro (liter), pero (but), and krimen (crimen, crime). Another source of loanwords is Sanskrit, with words like hade (king), bahala (responsibility) and karma.

Phonology

Consonants

There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: /p, b, d, t, k, ɡ, s, h, m, n, ŋ, l, ɾ, j~ʝ, w~ʋ, ʔ/. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ, ɲ/.

The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971 [4] is as follows.

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal mn(ɲ)ŋ
Stop Voicelessptkʔ
Voicedbdɡ
Fricative s(ʃ)h
Affricate Voiceless(t̠ʃ)
Voiced(d̠ʒ)
Flap ɾ
Lateral l(ʎ)
Approximant wj
Notes:
  1. ʃ - The /sy/ is only found only in loan words from English, as in ‘shirt’.
  2. t̠ʃ - The /ty/ is found in loan words from Spanish and English and is pronounced like the ch in ‘check’.
  3. d̠ʒ - The /dy/ is found basically in loan words from English and is pronounced like the j sound in ‘jeep’.
  4. ɲ - The /ny/ is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ñ in baños.
  5. ʎ - The /ly/ is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ll in llave and sencillo.
  6. h - Due to contact with the nearby Albay Bikol languages, words that start with h in Bikol - Naga, start with ʔ in Bikol - Legazpi
    • Ex: "hiling" (look, Bikol - Naga) becomes "iling" (look, Bikol - Legazpi)

Vowels

The three vowels are noted as /a, i, u/. Vowels /e, o/ are used from Spanish.

Table of the five general Central Bikol vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i  ⟨i⟩ u  ⟨u⟩
Mid e  ⟨e⟩ o  ⟨o⟩
Open a  ⟨a⟩

Grammar

 AbsolutiveErgativeOblique
1st person singularakokosakuya, sako
2nd person singularika, kamosaimo, si'mo
3rd person singularsiyaniyasaiya
1st person plural inclusivekitanyato, tasatuya, sato
1st person plural exclusivekaminyamo, misamuya, samo
2nd person pluralkamonindosaindo
3rd person pluralsindanindasainda

Particles

Like many other Philippine languages, Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.

Numbers

Numbers

There have exist two names for the numbers in Bicol. The native Bicol and the Spanish names. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms if they are talking about time like A las singko (5 o'clock)'. However, native terms can be read in literary books. Spanish terms for number can be encounter in pricing.

One-half.
Kabangâ
One.
Sarô
Two.
Duwá/Dos
Three.
Tuló/Tres
Four.
Apát/Kwatro
Five.
Limá/Singko
Six.
Anóm/Sais
Seven.
Pitó/Siyete
Eight.
Waló/Otso
Nine.
Siyam/Nuwebe
Ten.
Sampulò/Diyes
Fifteen.
Kaglimá/Kinse
Twenty.
Duwampulò/Baynte
Twenty-five.
Duwampulò may lima/Baynte sinko
Thirty.
Tulumpulò/Trainta
Thirty-five.
Tulumpulò may lima/Traynta i singko
Forty.
Apát na pulò/Kwarenta
Forty-five.
Apát na pulò may lima/Kwarenta i singko
Fifty.
Limampulò/Sinkwentá
Fifty-five.
Limampulò may lima/Singkwenta i singko
Sixty.
Anóm na pulò/Sisenta
Sixty-five.
Anóm na pulò may lima/Sisenta i singko
Seventy.
Pitumpulò/Setenta
Seventy-five.
Pitumpulò may lima/Setentá i singkó
Eighty.
Walumpulò/Otsenta
Eighty-five.
Walumpulò may lima/Otsenta i singko
Ninety.
Siyam na pulò/Nobenta
Ninety-five.
Siyam na pulò may lima/Nobenta i singko
One-hundred.
Sanggatós
One-thousand.
Sangribo
Ten-thousand.
Sangyukot (Old Bikol) [5]
One-million.
Sanglaksâ (Old Bikol) [6]

Tamanggot or Rapsak

The Tamanggot/Rapsak or Bicol Angry Register, is a way of speaking by Bicolanos in which they can only use those words when they are angry or in a high -pitched voice or shouting. Here are the examples:

Normal BicolAngry Register
malutòmalustod
bagaslasgas, lasugas
tubigtami'lig, tu'lig
bungoglusngog
uranbagrat
bagyoalimagyo
babayibabaknit, siknit
lalakilalaknit
bado, gubinglasdô, lamasdô, gubnit
haronglangag
sirasigtok, buragtok
ikoskurasmag, kasmag
ayam, idodayô, damayô (Naga);
gadyâ, gamadyâ (Legazpi)
damulag (Bikol - Naga),
karabaw (Bikol - Legazpi)		gadyâ, gamadyâ (Naga)
humaliwumara
magkakan/kumakan (Bikol - Naga);
magkaon/kumaon (Bikol - Legazpi)		hablô, humablô, habluon, sibà, sumibà, sumibsib
burat (Bikol - Naga),
buyong (Bikol - Legazpi)		lusrat, lusyong, bultok
taramtabil
kapot, kaptankamlô, kamluón
hilingbutlâ
bitissamingkil, singkil
talingatalingugngog
nguso (Bikol - Naga),
ngimot (Bikol - Legazpi)		ngurapak, ngaspak
kamotkamulmog
matamalsok
payoalimantak, alintak
hawak (Bikol - Naga),
lawas (Bikol - Legazpi)		kabangkayan
tulaktindos, lasdak, lamasdak
sapatossapagtok
kalayokalasbot
kawalikawalwag
sarwalsarigwal
asintasik
manokmaldos, malpak

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Central Bikol at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  3. ↑ Lobel, Jason William (2000). An Satuyang Tataramon/A study of the Bikol Language. Tria, Wilmer Joseph S., Carpio, Jose Maria Z. Naga City: Lobel & Tria Partnership. ISBN   971-92226-0-3. OCLC   45883453.
  4. ↑ Mintz, Malcolm W. (1971). Bikol Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9hvs8j. ISBN   978-0-8248-7891-7.
  5. ↑ Lisboa, Márcos de (1865). Vocabulario de la lengua bicol[Vocabulary of the Bicol language] (in Spanish). Manila: Est. Tip. del Colegio de Santo Tomas. pp.  32.
  6. ↑ Lisboa, Márcos de (1865). Vocabulario de la lengua bicol[Vocabulary of the Bicol language] (in Spanish). Manila: Est. Tip. del Colegio de Santo Tomas. pp.  208.

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References

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