List of short-lived states and dependencies

This article provides a comprehensive list of countries, dependencies, political and territorial entities, anarchist regions, and provisional governments that existed for five years or less. ^[1] These short-lived entities emerged and disappeared under a variety of circumstances. In some cases, newly established states were overthrown by coups (e.g., the Kingdom of Tunisia), while others were formed during failed revolutionary movements (e.g., the Democratic Republic of Yemen). Additionally, some entities were created as puppet states during wartime (e.g., Napoleon's Sister Republics) or existed as provisional governments (e.g., the Provisional Government of Hawaii). The diverse nature of these political formations reflects the complexity of state formation and dissolution in times of rapid political change. ^{[2] [3] [4]}

Criteria

• Have to have lasted five years or less
• All countries are dated since 1 CE
• Had de facto control over a territory or a significant portion of its territory
• Had have had some sort of governance or attempted administration over their territory

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

Africa

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Republic of Swellendam [5]	1795	Swellendam	South Africa	One of the first of many Boer Republics who declared independence from the Dutch Cape Colony, in the late 18th and early 19th century. Founded by Dutch colonists, in the frontier south-western area around the town of Swellendam, who were unhappy with the rule of the Dutch East India Company and revolted removing the incumbent magistrate of the town, Anthonie Faure, and replacing him with the newly elected president Hermanus Steyn. However, after the British Invasion of the Cape Colony the majority of the territory of the fledgling republic was absorbed into the Cape Colony.
Republic of Graaff-Reinet [6]	1795–1796	Graaff-Reinet		Another Boer republic on the frontier of the Dutch Cape Colony this time centred around the town of Graaff-Reinet, the reasons the populace founded the republic was due to disputes between farmers and the government over the lawlessness in the frontier zones resulted in a new magistrate being appointed and the inhabitants suffering oppression under the Dutch East India Company. In 1795 when Swellendam declared independence, Graaff-Reinet followed their example and declared themselves a republic. After the Invasion of the Cape Colony the republic resisted occupation by the British for over a year before it was finally conquered.
Republic of Klip River	1847–1848	Ladysmith		After buying land of the Zulu king Mpande a group of boers settled in an area now known as Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal and led by their leader Andries Spies they declared the Republic of the Klip River, later annexed by the UK the same year
Klipdrift Republic	1870–1871	Klipdrift		The Klipdrift Republic was a Boer republic declared in Griqualand West by Stafford Parker
Republic of Stellaland	1882–1883	Vryburg		A Boer republic for its short existence was an important factor in the lead up to the Second Boer War, later merged with the State of Goshen to become the United States of Stellaland
State of Goshen		Rooigrond & Mafikeng		A short lived Boer republic, later merged with the Republic of Stellaland
South African Republic	1914-1915	Pretoria		The republic was a failed attempt to recreate Transvaal during the Maritz rebellion
Western Galla Confederation [7]	1936	Gore	Ethiopia	Also known as the Macha Oromo Confederation, it was an Oromo separatist movement in Abyssinia during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
French Committee of National Liberation [8]	1943–44	Algiers	Algeria	The provisional administration of the territories controlled by the Free French in Africa during the Second World War.
Kingdom of Tunisia [9]	1956–1957	Tunis	Tunisia	A short lived monarchy ruled by the Bey of Tunis, Muhammad VIII al-Amin founded at the end of the French protectorate period and lasted until the National Constituent Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy and establish the Republic of Tunisia.
Mali Federation [10] [11]	1959-1960	Dakar	Senegal & Mali	Was a short lived member of the French Community until it broke into Senegal and Mali
State of Somaliland [12]	1960	Hargeisa	Somaliland (De Facto) Somalia (De Jure)	The state of Somaliland existed for five days before merging with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic
State of Katanga	1960–1963	Élisabethville	Democratic Republic of the Congo	A breakaway state that proclaimed its independence from Congo-Léopoldville on 11 July 1960 under Moïse Tshombe, leader of the local Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) political party. The new Katangese state did not enjoy full support throughout the province and was constantly plagued by ethnic strife in its northernmost region. It was dissolved in 1963 following an invasion by United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) forces, and reintegrated with the rest of the country as Katanga Province. [13]
Dominion of Uganda [14]	1962–1963	Kampala	Uganda	After Uganda was granted independence the British monarch, Elizabeth II, remained head of state as Queen of Uganda for precisely one year
Dominion of Kenya [15]	1963–1964	Nairobi	Kenya	After Kenya was granted independence the British monarch, Elizabeth II, remained head of state as Queen of Kenya
First Nigerian Republic [16]	1963-1966	Lagos	Nigeria	After the Independence of Nigeria the first Nigerian Republic took over, it was disposed of after a military coup three years later.
Rhodesia	1964-1965	Harare	Zimbabwe	Was a British protectorate, now known as Zimbabwe
Niger Delta Republic [17]	1966	?	Nigeria	A short lived state declared by Isaac Adaka Boro a soldier and Niger Delta activist
Republic of Benin [18]	1967	Benin City		A Biafran puppet state set up in the Nigerian city of Benin City
Nile Provisional Government	1969-1970	Juba	South Sudan	Formed out of the failed Southern Sudan Provisional Government as an attempt to rebrand the nation from South Sudan to the Nile Republic
Martyazo	1972	Commune of Vugizo	Burundi	A short lived secessionist state established by Hutu rebels in the Commune of Vugizo
Republic of Cabinda	1975–1976	Cabinda	Angola	A separatist state declared by Cabindan nationalist groups the Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda and the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda after Angolan independence
Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1979–1980	Salisbury	Zimbabwe	A transitional government established by the British to transfer authority from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe
National Revolutionary Council of the Gambia	1981	Banjul	The Gambia	The revolutionary council was set up by Kukoi Sanyang to govern The Gambia after the 1981 Gambian coup d'état attempt
"Taylorland" or Greater Liberia	1990–1994/5	Gbarnga	Liberia	One of the most powerful rebel leaders in Liberia, Charles Taylor, set up his own domain in a way resembling an actual state: He reorganised his militia into a military-like organisation (split into Army, Marines, Navy, and Executive Mansion Guard), established his de facto capital at Gbarnga, and created a civilian government and justice system under his control that were supposed to enforce law and order. The area under his control was commonly called "Taylorland" or "Greater Liberia" and even became somewhat stable and peaceful until it largely disintegrated in 1994/5. [19] [20]
Mohéli	1997-1998	Fomboni	Comoros	Along with Anjouan in 1997 they both sceded from the Comoros Anjouan lasted until 2002 and Mohéli agreed to join back to the union in 1998
Jubaland	1998-1999	Bu'ale	Somalia	During the Somali civil war General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan declared the independence of Jubaland
Caprivi	1999	?	Namibia	A state declared by the Caprivi Liberation Army during the short lived Caprivi conflict [21]
State of Anjouan [22]	2007–2008	Mutsamudu	Comoros	A state declared by Mohamed Bacar after holding an illegal election in June, the state was soon dissolved during the Invasion of Anjouan & Mohamed Bacar exiled
National Transitional Council [23]	2011-2012	Tripoli	Libya	A unitary transitional government established to transition from the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the State of Libya
Azawad [24] [25] [26]	2012	Timbuktu (proclaimed) Gao (provisional)	Mali	A secessionist state declared by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad in northern Mali during the Tuareg rebellion

Asia

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Free Ilocos	1762–1763	Vigan	Philippines	A short lived revolutionary state declared by Diego Silang in Northern Luzon during the British occupation of Manila
Republic of Ezo [27]	1869	Hakodate	Japan	Also known as the Republic of Japan the Republic of Ezo was a short lived separatist state established in the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido
Kingdom of Sedang	1888-1889	Kon Gung	Vietnam	A ephemeral state declared by French explorer Marie-Charles David de Mayréna after the governor of French Indochina sent him to negotiate treaties with the Kingdom of Siam after they started claiming parts of French Indochina, but instead allied with other tribes to declare the Kingdom of Sedang, the kingdom was dissolved shortly after when Marie was captured by the French Navy
Republic of Formosa [28]	1895	Taipei & Tainan	Taiwan	The inhabitants of the island of Taiwan declared themselves independent in response to the Qing Dynastys move to scecede the island to Japan
Tejeros Revolutionary Government	1897	General Trias	Philippines	Following the Imus Assembly, several factions of the Katipunan, namely Magdiwang and Magdalo, cooperated to establish a provisional government and conduct the first democratic election in Philippine history as a step to ultimately establish an independent Philippine state. [29]
Republic of Biak-na-Bato		San Miguel		The republic of Biak-na-bato was a Filipino revolutionary government declared by solier Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution
Dictatorial Government of the Philippines	1898	Bacoor		The Government was a Filipino insurgent government in Bacoor during the Spanish–American War
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines		Bacoor & Malolos		A revolutionary government set up by Emilio Aguinaldo during Spanish–American War
Republic of Negros	1898–1899	Bacolod		The republic was a short lived revolutionary state on the island, it later became the Federal State of the Visayas
Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun	1903	Guangzhou	China	A short lived attempt at establashing a Westernised Monarchy in china by the Revive China Society
Empire of China	1915–1916	Peking		A short lived attempt to reinstate monarchy in China by Yuan Shikai
Republic of Van	1915–1918	Van	Turkey	Established as a puppet government of the Russian Empire in occupied Western Armenia. Dissolved in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the February Revolution and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's withdrawal from World War I. [30] [31] [32]
Alash Autonomy	1917–1920	Alash-Qala (Semey)	Kazakhstan, Russia	The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress, held at Orenburg from 5 to 13 December 1917 OS (18 to 26 December 1917 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. [33]
State of Buryat-Mongolia	1917–1920	Chita	Russia	Buffer state during the Russian Civil War. [34]
Yakutia	1918	Yakutsk	Russia	An uprising by Yakuts in support of the anti-Bolshevik White Army
Provisional Siberian Government		Omsk		Attempts by the White Army to set up temporary governments in Siberia.
Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia		Vladivostok
Siberian Republic		Omsk		An attempt attempt at Siberian regionalism
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals		Yekaterinburg		A short-lived anti-Bolshevik government set up in Yekaterinburg
Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus [35]	1918–1919	Kars	Turkey	A pro-Turkish provisional government established in the aftermath of the Armistice of Mudros to stop the area being incorporated into the First Republic of Armenia
Republic of Aras	1918–1919	Nakhchivan	Azerbaijan	The creation of the Republic of Aras was in response to a border proposal by the British, that would have assigned the area to the First Republic of Armenia. [36] Its existence was ended when troops from Armenia advanced into the region and succeeded in taking control over it in mid-June 1919 during the Aras War. However, this triggered an advance into the Nakhchivan region by the army of the Azerbaijan Republic and Ottoman Empire, and by the end of July Armenia had lost control of the region. [37]
Mughan Soviet Republic [38]	1919	Lankaran	Azerbaijan	A short lived pro-Bolshevik state in southeastern Azerbaijan
Ferghana Provisional Government	1919–1920	Osh	Kyrgyzstan	The polity of the Basmachi movement led by Madame Bey
Arab Kingdom of Syria [39]		Damascus	Syria	A short lived constitutional monarchy led by Faisal I of Iraq
Provisional Government of the Far East	1920	Vladivostok	Russia	An Anti-White movement state established around Vladivostok, which was later incorporated into the pro-Bolsheviks Far Eastern Republic and the pro-White Provisional Priamurye Government
South Russian Government		Novorossiysk		The Successor of Anton Denikin's General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia
Government of South Russia		Sevastopol		A White movement Government established as the successor of Anton Denikin's South Russian Government by Pyotr Wrangel in Crimea
Eastern Okraina		Chita		A local government created after the defeat of White forces in Western Siberia. The leader of the forces, Alexander Kolchak, ordered Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov to evacuate their forces to the territory of Russia's eastern outskirts
Azadistan		Tabriz	Iran	A short-lived state in Iranian Azerbaijan established by Mohammad Khiabani
Persian Socialist Soviet Republic	1920–1921	Rasht		A soviet republic declared by revolutionary leader Mirza Kuchik Khan and the Jungle Movement of Gilan
Republic of China Military Government		Guangzhou	China	A military government centered around the Second Constitutional Protection Movement
Autonomous Government of Khorasan	1921	Rasht	Iran	A short-lived military state established by warlord Mohammad Taqi Pessian
Sharifian Caliphate [40]	1924-1925	Mecca	Saudi Arabia	A caliphate declared by the Hejaz as the successor of the Ottoman Caliphate
Hunan Soviet	1927	?	China	A Communist-controlled China (1927–1949) insurrection led by Mao Zedong and Li Zhen in the Hunan and Jiangxi areas
Guangzhou Commune [41]		Guangzhou		A political structure established in Guangzhou during the Guangzhou Uprising, also called the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies
Republic of Ararat	1927–1931	Doğubayazıt	Turkey	The Republic of Ararat, led by the central committee of Xoybûn party, declared independence on 28 October 1927 or 1928, [42] [43] [44] during a wave of rebellion among Kurds in southeastern Turkey. As the leader of the military was appointed Ihsan Nuri, and Ibrahim Heski was put in charge of the civilian government. [45]
Emirate of Afghanistan	1929	Kabul	Afghanistan	An unrecognised state declared by Saqqawists on the territory that they held during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) [46]
Korean People's Association in Manchuria	1929–1931	Hailin (De Facto)	China	Self-governing autonomous prefecture in Manchuria, populated by two million Korean refugees. Following the Japanese occupation of Korea, many Korean anarchists had fled over the border into Manchuria, where they began organising a network of mutual aid for displaced Koreans in the region. Together with some Korean nationalists, they established the KPAM in order to provide food, education and self-defence to its members. Before long, the association found itself under attack by both Korean communists and Japanese imperialists, who assassinated their leadership. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria put an end to the anarchist experiment, with many of its members fleeing to China in order to fight against the Japanese Empire.
Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet	1930–1931	?	Vietnam	A series of uprisings against French Indochina in the Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh Provinces
Kumul Khanate	1931–1934	Kumul	China	A rebellion led by Uyghur chieftain and Kuomintang general Yulbars Khan to restore the Kumul Khanate and the heir to the throne, Nasir.
Northeast Supreme Administrative Council	1932	Changchun		The forerunner of Japanese puppet state Manchukuo
First East Turkestan Republic	1933–1934	Kashgar		A short-lived unrecognized breakaway Islamic Uyghur state in northwestern China
People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China		Fuzhou		Also known as the Fujian People's Government, it was a short-lived anti-Kuomintang socialist state established in the Fujian Province
Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation	1935–1936	Mao County, Barkam, Jinchuan County & Garzê County		A confederation of two ethnic minority governments, the Tibetan People's Republic and Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha
Great Way Government	1937–1938	Pudong		This polity, also called the Dadao Government, was a puppet government established by the Japanese Empire to govern Japanese-occupied Shanghai in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Hatay State	1938–1939	Antakya	Turkey	A transitional government located in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta before becomig the Hatay Province of Turkey
Free Republic of Nias	1942	Gunungsitoli	Indonesia	A short-lived state established through a coup by escaped Nazi prisoners. After the Dutch ship transporting them was bombed by the Japanese, the group planned a coup in the city of Gunungsitoli . [47]
Inner Mongolian People's Republic	1945	Sonid Right Banner	China	After the dissolution of the Japanese puppet Mengjiang, A congress of "People's Representatives" was held and the socialist Inner Mongolian People's Republic was declared, it was later conquered by China fearing separatism. [48]
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang		Luang Prabang	Laos	A short lived Japanese puppet state, lead by Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa
Empire of Vietnam		Huế	Vietnam	A puppet state of Japan in the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin
Kingdom of Kampuchea		Phnom Penh	Cambodia	A short lived Japanese puppet state
Lao Issara	1945–1946	Vientiane & Luang Prabang	Laos	An anti-French state established in the aftermath of World War Two
Azerbaijan People's Government		Tabriz	Iran	A short lived Soviet satellite state in the Iranian Azerbaijan area.
People's Republic of Korea		Seoul	South Korea & North Korea	A provisional government established in the withdrawal of the Japanese in Korea, later occupied by the Soviet Union in the north and the United States in the south
Republic of Mahabad	1946–1947	Mahabad	Iran	A Kurdish Soviet satellite state established alongside the Azerbaijan People's Government
Provisional People's Committee for North Korea		Pyongyang	North Korea	A provisional government established as the successor of the Soviet Civil Administration
Khanate of Kalat	1947–1948	Kalat	Pakistan	A Princely state that was briefly independent before Ahmad of Kalat the ruler of the Khanate acceded to Pakistan
Hyderabad State		Hyderabad	India	During the independence of India all Princely States were given the option to join India or Pakistan or have independence. The Muslim Nizams who ruled the predominantly Hindu state chose independence. The Indians later invaded and annexed Hyderabad during Operation Polo
Junagadh State		Junagadh		During the independence of India all Princely States were given the option to join India or Pakistan or have independence. The Nawab of Junagadh Muhammad Mahabat Khan III chose for Junagadh and its vassal Bantva Manavadar to go with Pakistan until later that year they chose to remain independent until the Indian invasion of them during that year
Bantva Manavadar		Junagadh
People's Committee of North Korea		Pyongyang	North Korea	A pro-Soviet Provisional Government that oversaw the transition from Soviet occupation in northern Korea to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Government of the National Front of Madiun	1948	Madiun	Indonesia	A failed attempt at a communist uprising.
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam	1948–1949	Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam	A French-associated transitional government established in the protectorates of Tonkin and Annam until Cochinchina reunited and founded the State of Vietnam
United States of Indonesia	1949–1950	Jakarta	Indonesia	A short lived federal state established after Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands, succeeded by the unitary Republic of Indonesia
Arab Federation	1958	Baghdad	Iraq & Jordan	A short lived confederation between the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and Kingdom of Jordan.
Second Republic of Korea	1960–1961	Seoul	South Korea	Founded during the April Revolution against the current president Syngman Rhee
United Nations Administered West New Guinea	1962–1963	Jayapura	Indonesia	A civil administration established to facilitate the transition of Dutch New Guinea to Indonesia
Shanghai People's Commune	1967	Shanghai	China	A Maoist commune established during the January Storm by future Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Chunqiao.
Emirate of Abu Dhabi	1971	Abu Dhabi	UAE	After the independence of the Trucial States, Six of the Emirates—Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah—formed the United Arab Emirates, with Ras Al Khaimah joining later in 1972
Emirate of Ajman		Ajman
Emirate of Dubai		Dubai
Emirate of Fujairah		Fujairah
Emirate of Sharjah		Sharjah
Emirate of Umm Al Quwain		Umm Al Quwain
Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah	1971-1972	Ras Al Khaimah
People's Republic of Tyre	1975-1976	Tyre	Lebanon	A short lived, PLO controlled, state-within-a-state during the Lebanese Civil Warafter the takeover of the city of Tyre.
Republic of South Vietnam [49]		Tây Ninh (1969–1972) Lộc Ninh (1972–1973) Cam Lộ (1973–1975) Saigon – Gia Dinh (1975–1976)	Vietnam	A puppet government of North Vietnam formed from the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam shadow government.
Provisional Government of East Timor		Dili	East Timor	An Indonesian puppet provisional government, that was formed following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in December 1975, and disbanded after the annexation of the area by Indonesia in July 1976 to become the Timor Timur province.
Interim Government of Iran [ citation needed ]	1979	Tehran	Iran	After the Iranian Revolution, Mehdi Bazargan established a transitional government by order of Ayatollah Khomeini to facilitate the transition of Iran from a constitutional monarchy to an Islamic republic. [50]
Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan	1980	?	Afghanistan	A small Salafist state located in the northern Bashgal Valley founded by cleric Mawlawi Afzal during the Afghan mujahideen insurgency.
Federal Republic of Mindanao	1986	Cagayan de Oro	Philippines	A Breakaway state state declared by former Mayor of Cagayan de Oro and leader of the Mindanao People's Democratic Movement, Reuben Canoy.
Republic of Kuwait	1990	Kuwait City	Kuwait	A self-styled Iraqi puppet government established in the aftermath of the Invasion of Kuwait by Ba'athist Iraq and was later annexed to become the Iraqi governate of Kuwait and the military occupied Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District.
Second Federal Republic of Mindanao		Cagayan de Oro	Philippines	A revolt led by Alexander Noble, a dissident Philippine Army colonel and his supporters after seized two garrisons in Cagayan de Oro and Butuan as an attempted coup against president Corazon Aquino
Islamic Emirate of Kunar	1991	Asadabad	Afghanistan	A short lived, Salafist, quasi-state in the Kunar Province led by Jamil al-Rahman and his group Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah
Kurdish Republic of Lachin	1992	Lachin	Azerbaijan	A state declared by Kurdish nationalists in the former region of Kurdistan Uezd, but was dissolved later that year during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Gorno-Badakhshan Republic		Khorugh	Tajikistan	After the outbreak of the Tajikistani Civil War, the local government of Gorno-Badakhshan declared itself independent, but later backed down on the declaration.
United Nations Administered Cambodia	1992–1993	Phnom Penh	Cambodia	A United Nations peacekeeping administration formed after the 1991 Paris Peace Agreements.
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic [51]	1993	Lankaran	Azerbaijan	A autonomous republic declared by Talysh nationalist Colonel Alikram Hummatov during the 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état against, the first and only democratically elected president in post-Soviet Azerbaijan, Abulfaz Elchibey
Democratic Republic of Yemen	1994	Aden	Yemen	Also known as South Yemen, the Democratic Republic of Yemen, declared during the 1994 Yemeni Civil War, encompassed the entirety of the former state of South Yemen.
Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan	1996	Badakhshan	Afghanistan	An unrecognised Islamic State in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan established by supporters of Burhanuddin Rabbani & Ahmad Shah Massoud.
Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan	2001-2003	Byara	Iraq	A Kurdish Islamic state established by Ansar al-Islam, Kurdistan Islamic Group and Kurdistan Islamic Movement. It was dissolved in 2003 by Operation Viking Hammer
Fatah al-Islam	2007 [52]	Nahr al-Bared	Lebanon	Seized control of some of the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp during the 2007 Lebanon conflict. [53]
Islamic Emirate of Rafah [54]	2009	Rafah	Gaza Strip	A short-lived unrecognized Islamic state established two years after the Hamas takeover of Gaza and later collapsed after the 2009 Battle of Rafah
Bangsamoro Republik	2013	Davao City [55] (de jure) Zamboanga City (de facto)	Philippines	A breakaway state declared by Nur Misuari, the leader of the Moro National Liberation Front in an attempt to create a nation for the Moro people
Islamic Emirate of Yemen	2015-2020	Mukalla (2015–2016) Unknown2016–2020	Yemen	Short-lived unrecognized Islamic state established by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula after the 2015 Battle of Mukalla, as part of their goal to establish an Islamic emirate in Hadhramaut. [56]
Goyce Zengezur Turkish Republic [57] [58] [59]	2022	?	Azerbaijan	The Goyce-Zengezur Turkish Republic was a short-lived, self-proclaimed state declared in 2022 in Southern Armenia region, aiming to establish Turkish governance.

Europe

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Anabaptist Dominion of Münster [60]	1534-1535	Münster	Germany	An attempt by radical Anabaptists, led by John of Leiden, to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster
Grand Duchy of Lithuania	1655-1657	Kėdainiai	Lithuania, Belarus, Poland	Declared by cousins Janusz and Bogusław Radziwiłł in collusion with Sweden seeking the independence of Lithuania from Poland and the dissolution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the end goal was to establish a new Swedish–Lithuanian personal union in order to further prevent Russia from accessing the Baltic Sea. The Lithuanian Protestant elite strongly supported this move in opposition to Polish Catholic domination. Ended after the Battle of Prostki and expulsion of Swedish troops from Biržai Castle when Swedish taxation policies proved to be widely unpopular among Lithuanian nobles. [61] [62] [63] [64]
Commonwealth of England	1659-1660	London	United Kingdom	A transitional government led by the Rump Parliament after the resignation of Richard Cromwell, and dissolved after the Declaration of Breda
Kingdom of Corsica	1736	Cervione & Corte	France	A kingdom on the island of Corsica established by Corsican rebels and exiles led by German explorer Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff overthrowing the ruling Republic of Genoa until infighting among the rebels soon led to their defeat.
Kingdom of Finland [10]	1742–1743	Turku	Finland	After the Russian occupation of Finland during the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), the Finns armed with vague promises of making Finland independent, elected Duke Peter of Holstein-Gottorp as their king. However it soon evaporated when Peter became the heir to the throne of Russia.
Republic of Liège [65]	1789–1791	Liège	Belgium	A Republic established in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège during the Liège Revolution but was quickly annexed by French revolutionary forces
United Belgian States [65]	1789–1790	Brussels		A confederate republic established in the Southern Netherlands during the Brabant Revolution against the Habsburg Emperor, Joseph II.
Republic of Mainz	1793	Mainz	Germany	One of the first French Sister Republics and the first democratic state in modern-day Germany but was soon retaken by Prussian forces.
Republic of Bouillon	1794-1795	Bouillon?	Switzerland	A possible French client state formed out of the former Duchy of Bouillon but was soon incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
Republic of Alba	1796	Alba	Italy	Italian Sister republics established during the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars but were later annexed of turned into monarchies ruled by the House of Bonaparte.
Bolognese Republic		Bologna
Republic Reggiana		Reggio Emilia
Cispadane Republic	1796–1797	Bologna
Transpadane Republic		Milan
Republic of Crema	1797	Crema
Astese Republic		Asti
Republic of Brescia		Brescia
Republic of Bergamo		Bergamo
Anconine Republic	1797–1798	Ancona
Tiberina Republic	1798	Perugia
Lemanic Republic		Lausanne	Switzerland	A state orchestrated by, the tutor of the children of Tsar Paul I of Russia, Frédéric-César de La Harpe to regain the independence of the Vaud
Tellgovie		Schwyz		One of the three Swiss states created in 1798 from the Canton of Waldstätten and the Three Leagues, but was later reincorporated into the Helvetic Republic due public outcry.
Republic of Connacht [66]		Castlebar	Ireland	A Sister Republic of France established during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 by the Society of United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone
Roman Republic	1798–1799	Rome	Italy	A state established after Louis-Alexandre Berthier occupied the Papal states however it proved short lived as the Kingdom of Naples invaded an restored the Papacy
Gozitan Nation	1798–1800	Rabat	Malta	A monarchy located on the island of Gozo between 1798 and 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. [67]
State of Lucca	1799	Lucca	Italy	French Sister Republics established during the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
Republic of Pescara		Pescara
Republic of Altamura		Altamura
Kingdom of Poland	1812–1813	Warsaw	Poland	A puppet state of France that was made from the reorganised Duchy of Warsaw during Napoleon's Russian campaign
Kingdom of Norway	1814	Oslo	Norway	A short lived monarchy established by Norwegian nationalists when Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, due to its alliance with France during the Napoleonic Wars, The Norwegian state was quickly defeated in the two week long Swedish–Norwegian War.
State of Franche-Comté		Vesoul	France	A short lived buffer state established between Germany and First French Empire after the latters fall. It was soon dissolved following the Treaty of Paris.
General-Government of Belgium	1814-1815	Brussels	Belgium	A provisional government established by the 1814 Treaty of Paris in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. Later united with the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands to form the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Republic of Genoa		Genoa	Italy	Brief post-Napoleonic attempt at restoring the historical Republic of Genoa prior to its dissolution at the Congress of Vienna [68]
Principality of Elba [69]		Portoferraio	Italy	A brief monarchy established on the Italian island Elba granted to Napoleon Bonaparte and would be returned to France after his death, but was ultimately ephemeral with Napoleon's return to France during the Hundred Days and ultimate exile to St Helena
Messenian Senate	1821	Kalamata	Greece	One of the provisional governments established during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire in the Peloponnese. It was soon dissolved after the creation of the Peloponnesian Senate
Polish National Government	1830–1831	Warsaw	Poland	A provisional government established by Polish revolutionaries during the November Uprising
Italian United Provinces	1831	Bologna	Italy	A revolutionary government established during the Revolutions of 1830, when the temporal power of the Pope and the Emilian Dukes were declared to be revoked, and lasted until Austrian troops took the city of Ancona.
Polish National Government	1846	Kraków	Poland	An attempt at creating a Polish government during the Kraków uprising.
Republic of Mosina	1848	Mosina	Poland	A short-lived microstate centred around the Polish city of Mosina during the Greater Poland Uprising.
Kingdom of Sicily		Palermo	Italy	Italian revolutionary states established during the Revolutions of 1848.
Provisional Government of Milan		Milan
Republic of San Marco	1848–1849	Venice
Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune [70]		Roquebrune & Menton	France	A union of two cities who seceded from Monaco due to high tax rates and increasing poverty, later absorbed by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
German Empire		Frankfurt	Germany	A failed attempt to unify the states of the states of the German Confederation.
Serbian Vojvodina [71]		Sremski Karlovci Zemun Veliki Bečkerek Timișoara	Serbia	Short-lived self-proclaimed autonomous province within the Austrian Empire during the Revolutions of 1848, which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province named Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat. It was created and led by political leaders of Serbs in regions of Syrmia, Banat, Bačka and Baranja. The Serbian Vojvodina gave its name to the present Vojvodina autonomous region in Serbia. [72]
Roman Republic	1849	Rome	Italy	A republican government established when Pope Pius IX fled to Gaeta due to riots and protests by liberals because of the assassination of minister of justice Pellegrino Rossi.
Tuscan Republic		Florence		A republican government established when Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany fled Florence joining Pope Pius IX in Gaeta.
Hungarian State		Buda	Hungary	An unrecognized state established during the last four months of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
United Provinces of Central Italy	1859–1860	Modena	Italy	A client state of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed as a union of the pro-Piedmontese governments of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and the Papal Legations after the Second Italian War of Independence. The United Provinces were soon annexed to Piedmont-Sardinia
Polish National Government	1863–1864	Warsaw Vilnius Kiev	Poland	A Polish shadow government established during the January Uprising
First Paris Commune	1870	Paris	France	Socialist regimes established during a wave of intense revolutionary fevour in France, the communes are credited, especially the Second Paris Commune with being the first Socialist government.
Lyon Commune	1870-1871	Lyon
Besançon Commune	1871	Besançon
Second Paris Commune [73]		Paris
Third Paris Commune
Le Creusot Commune		Creusot
Marseille Commune		Marseille
Narbonne Commune		Narbonne
Croatian People's Government	1871	Rakovica	Croatia	Attempt by Croatian revolutionary Eugen Kvaternik at restoring Croatian statehood after 769 years of foreign rule. The revolt lasted from 8 October 1871 to 11 October 1871. [74]
Catalan State	1873	Barcelona	Spain	A federated state, encompassing Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands, established in order to defenf the unity the Spanish Federal Republic
Canton of Algeciras		Algeciras		Radical Cantonalist juntas formed during the Cantonal rebellion.
Canton of Alicante		Alicante
Canton of Málaga		Málaga
Canton of Cartagena	1873–1874	Cartagena
First Spanish Republic		Madrid		A political regime that was founded after the abdication of Amadeo I of Spain and lasted until the January 1874 coup of Pavía.
Clousden Hill Free Communist and Co-operative Colony	1895–1898	Forest Hall	United Kingdom	An anarcho-communist commune from 1895 until 1898 in Forest Hall, North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. The commune was part of the back-to-the-land movement, operating a 12-acre farm under collective ownership and democratic control. [75]
Strandzha Commune	1903	Malko Tarnovo	Bulgaria & Turkey	Rebel polities in the Ottoman Empire region during the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising.
Kruševo Republic		Kruševo	Montenegro
Shuliavka Republic	1905	Shuliavka	Russia	Revolutionary socialist states established during the Russian Revolution of 1905
Liubotyn Republic		Liubotyn
Chita Republic	1905–1906	Chita
Stary Buyan Republic		Volzhskiy
Markovo Republic [76]		Markovo
Comrat Republic	1906	Comrat	Moldova
Free State of Ikaria [77]	1912	Agios Kirykos	Greece	In the leadup to the First Balkan War the island of Icaria expelled the Ottoman garrisson on the island and declared independence and liberated the nearby archipelago of Fournoi Korseon. The free state was later annexed by Greece and recognised as Greek territory by the Ottomans in the Treaty of London (1913).
Provisional Government of Western Thrace [78]	1913	Komotini		An Ottoman backed autonomous state in Western Thrace when Bulgaria was awarded the region in the Treaty of Bucharest (1913), it was then occupied by French forces and later annexed by Greece
Republic of Central Albania	1913–1914	Durrës	Albania	A short lived state established, by future president of Albania, Essad Toptani in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars and lasted until William of Wied arrived and established the Principality of Albania.
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus [79]	1914	Gjirokastër		A provisional government established by Greeks in southern Albania after the First Balkan War.
Provisional Government of the Irish Republic	1916	Dublin	Ireland	The revolutionary government declared by Padraig Pearse in the Proclamation of the Irish Republic during the Easter Rising of 1916 and lasted until the suppression of the uprising.
State of Thessaloniki		Thessaloniki	Greece	A parallel government established by former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over King Constantine I's policy of neutrality during World War I.
Samarina Republic	1917	Samarina		An attempt at creating an Aromanian state.
Special Transcaucasian Committee		Tbilisi	Georgia	Russian Republican reorganization of South Caucasian and Eastern Anatolian territories following the February Revolution. [80]
Provisional Land Council of Courland		Tartu	Latvia	The Provisional Land Councils were temporary governing bodies formed amid revolutionary upheaval to address urgent land reforms and local self-governance.
Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme		Valmiera
Provisional Land Council of Latgale	1917-1918	Latgale
Iskolat [81]		Cēsis & Valka		A pro-Communist governing body in Latvia established during the early stages of the Russian Revolution but soon fled to Moscow when the Germans occupied all of Latvia.
Borcali Karapapak Turkish Republic		Borcali	Georgia	A short-lived self-declared state established by Karapapak Turks amid regional upheaval and ethnic strife.
Russian Republic		Saint Petersburg	Russia	A short-lived state declared by the Russian Provisional Government after the fall of the Russian Empire soon desposed by the Bolsheviks.
Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar [82]		?	Estonia	A Soviet Republic, declared by Anarcho-syndicalist and future leader of the Kronstadt rebellion, Stepan Petrichenko and the crew of the battleship Petropavlovsk, on the Estonian island of Naissaar.
Moldavian Democratic Republic		Chișinău	Moldova	After the February Revolution the Sfatul Țării, a council of political, public, cultural, and professional organizations in the Governorate of Bessarabia which worked as the republic's parliament, declared Bessarabia an autonomous state of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic until it was dissolved in the October Revolution. The Sfatul Țării, fearing a Bolshevik invasion, declared independence and later voted to unite with Romania.
Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets		Kharkiv	Ukraine	A short lived Soviet Republic of the Russian SFSR it later merged with the Odessa Soviet Republic to form the Ukrainian Soviet Republic.
Crimean People's Republic [76]		Bakhchysarai		An autonomous state declared by the Kurultai of the Crimean Tatars during the turmoil of the Russian Revolution.
Makhnovshchina [83]	1917–1921	Huliaipole ( Makhnograd) [84]		Mass movement to establish anarchist communism in southern and eastern Ukraine during the Ukrainian War of Independence of 1917–1921. Named after Nestor Makhno, the commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, its aim was to create a system of free soviets that would manage the transition towards a stateless and classless society.
Ukrainian State	1918	Kyiv		An anti-Bolshevik German client state led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi that overthrew the socialist Ukrainian People's Republic. Skoropadskyi was soon overthrown in the Anti-Hetman Uprising. [85]
Republic of Zakopane		Zakopane	Poland	An entity centred in the town of Zakopane with the intention of joining the newley declared Second Polish Republic. It was eventually absorbed by the Polish Liquidation Committee.
Kingdom of Lithuania		Vilnius	Lithuania	Three German client states located in the Baltic states.
United Baltic Duchy		Riga	Lithuania, Estonia & Latvia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia			Latvia
Idel-Ural State		Ufa	Russia	An ethnic confederation aimed at uniting the Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and the Chuvash. The Bolsheviks later replaced it with the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic.
Supreme Administration of Northern Region		Arkhangelsk	Russia	An Entente backed anti-Bolshevik left-wing government centred around Arkhangelsk in the tumult of the Russian Civil War. The Supreme Administration soon merged with the Murmansk Krai to form the Provisional Government of the Northern Region
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs		Zagreb	Balkans	A provisional government established out of the territory in the Balkans the Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled. 33 days after its proclamation the State merged with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic		Tbilisi	Georgia, Azerbaijan & Armenia	A short-lived federation of the Georgian, Azerbaijani and Armenian peoples in the Caucasus. The Federation soon dissolved due to infighting with it splitting into separate states.
Republic of Heinzenland		Mattersburg	Austria	An attempt by Germans in Western Hungary, supported by Austria, to join Austria.
First Republic of Pińczów		Pińczów	Poland	An area of Pińczów and the surrounding area was occupied at the end of 1918 for a period of six weeks by the city's inhabitants, led by Jan Lisowski, after the disarmament of Austrian troops without a fight. [86]
Republic of Vorarlberg [87]		Bregenz	Austria	During the chaos of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the inhabitants of Vorarlberg in western Austria decided to declare their own republic and unite with Switzerland. The Swiss rejected annexing the Republic of fear of military retaliation from the Austrians.
Alsace Soviet Republic		Strasbourg	France	Revolutionary governments established at the same time as the German revolution of 1918–1919. They both soon collapsed in the face of advancing French troups.
Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg		Strasbourg	France
Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council		Mainz	Germany
Banat Republic		Timișoara	Romania	A short-lived socialist republic established in the multi-ethnic territory of the Banat to stop the region being divded. The aim of the republic was not accomplished with the territory being divided between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Hungary.
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly [88]		Samara	Russia	An anti-Bolshevik socialist government in Samara after the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion in 1918. The Assembly soon started to loose battles and finally dissolved after the Kolchak Coup
Terek Soviet Republic		Pyatigorsk & Vladikavkaz		Multiple short-lived soviet republics of the Russian SFSR established out of territory conquered by the Red Army. The republics usually got absorbed into the Russian SFSR or captured by the White Army.
Don Soviet Republic		Rostov-on-Don
Stavropol Soviet Republic		Stavropol
Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic		Krasnodar
Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic		Kharkiv & Luhansk	Ukraine
Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic		Simferopol
Crimean Regional Government				Two short-lived governments in the Crimean Peninsula. The Regional Government was a German puppet state that collapsed soon after the withdrawal of the German forces. The Frontier Government was an Allied backed state, that rose after the fall of the Regional Government. The new state soon started to crumble due to tensions with Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army and fell after the Allies withdrew.
Crimean Frontier Government
Republic of Ostrów		Ostrów Wielkopolski	Poland	An autonomous republic founded in the city of Ostrów Wielkopolski a month before the Greater Poland uprising.
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic [11]		Helsinki	Finland	A Soviet-backed socialist state in Finland during the Finnish Civil War. The Workers Republic was soon defeated in the decisive Battle of Lahti.
Second Kingdom of Finland [9]				A failed attempt at establishing a Finnish monarchy after the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia.
Baku Commune		Baku	Azerbaijan	Two short-lived communist regimes that ruled, in rapid succession, in the city of Baku. The Dictatorship replaced the Baku Commune in a bloodless coup. It was soon crushed by a joint Ottoman-Azerbaijani army.
Centrocaspian Dictatorship
Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine	1918–1919	Kharkiv	Ukraine	A provisional Soviet administration created to govern the areas, in Ukraine, occupied by Soviet Russia.
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic		Vilnius	Lithuania	A Soviet puppet state created after the Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919. The Republic soon merged with another Soviet puppet state, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia		Novorossiysk	Russia	The administration of the lands controlled by the White movement's Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of South Russia in 1918 to 1919.
Republic of Tarnobrzeg		Tarnobrzeg	Poland	During the chaos of the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary the inhabitants of the city of Tarnobrzeg in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria led by socialist politician and priest Eugeniusz Okoń and lawyer Tomasz Dąbal declared their city independent with the aim of creating a Polish Soviet-style city-state. However Okoń and Dąbal soon got arrested which marked the end of the Republic.
Komancza Republic		Komancza	Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine	A short-lived microstate consisting of 30 Lemko villages in Galicia. The Republic wished to unite with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but the Treaty of Saint-Germain seceded all of Galicia west of the San to Poland.
West Ukrainian People's Republic		Lviv Ternopil Stanislaviv Zalishchyky	Ukraine	A breakaway-state that emerged during the midsts of the Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The People's Republic was a nominally autonomous part of the Ukrainian People's Republic(UPR). But when the UPR decided to trade the territory of the Republic to Poland for an alliance against Soviet Russia it broke with the UPR. Shortly after the break the government was forced into exile where it lasted until 1923.
Commune of the Working People of Estonia		Narva	Estonia	A communist government that administered the Bolshevik occupied areas of Estonia during the Estonian War of Independence.
Republic of German-Austria		Vienna	Austria & Czech Republic	An initial rump state in the German speaking predominantly ethnic Germans areas of Austria-Hungary. The Republic claimed to administer sizable portions of, what is now, the Czech Republic, including the Sudetenland, and parts of Italy, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland but de facto governed the Alpine and Danubian areas. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye reduced Austria back to its modern territory and the First Austrian Republic was founded in 1920.
Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan		Goytepe	Azerbaijan	A British-controlled state in the Lankaran District in the midst of the Mughan clashes. The Dictatorship soon fell to a pro-communist Talysh workers protest.
Belarusian People's Republic [89]		Minsk, Vilnius & Grodno	Belarus & Lithuania	A German Puppet state in modern-day Belarus and Lithuania. The Republic, after the Germans were defeated, was swiftly carved up by Poland and the Soviet Union.
People's State of Bavaria		Munich	Germany	Soviet states established during the second phase of the German revolution of 1918–1919, the first phase singlehandedly brought down the German Empire, against the supporters of the newly founded Weimar Republic. The revolution was quashed bloodily with a death toll of over 1,200 being brutally killed.
Free Socialist Republic of Germany [90]		Berlin
Bavarian Soviet Republic [91]		Munich
Bremen Soviet Republic		Bremen
Saxon Soviet Republic		Dresden
Würzburg Soviet Republic		Würzburg
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic	1918–1920	Riga & Daugavpils	Latvia	A short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik government in the Russian SFSR. The head of government was Pēteris Stučka with Jūlijs Daniševskis as his deputy. [92]
People's State of Reuss	1919	Gera	Germany	A short-lived republic formed when the princes of Reuss-Greiz and Reuss-Gera abdicated and united. The Peoples State soon merged with six other small states to form Thuringia.
Limerick Soviet		Limerick	Ireland	One of the many soviets declared in Ireland from 1919 to 1923. At the beginning of the Irish War of Independence the Limerick Trades and Labour Council organised a general strike in protest for the British Army declaration of a Special Military Area and restricting the flow of people and goods in and out of the city. The governing committee of the strike soon styled itself as a soviet and began multiple operations including; boycotting British soldiers, printing their own money and controlling food prices. After two weeks the Lord Mayor of Limerick Phons O'Mara called for an end to the strike and the committee issued a notice proclaiming the strike was over.
Hutsul Republic		Yasinia	Ukraine	An ethnic Hutsul state in western Ukraine. The republic wished to join the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was quickly annexed by Hungary.
Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic		Vilnius Minsk	Lithuania & Belarus	A union of two Soviet puppet states, the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, that existed during the Lithuanian–Soviet War and the Polish–Soviet War until all the territory the Republic claimed to administer was overrun by the Polish Army and the Lithuanian Army.
Hungarian Soviet Republic		Budapest	Hungary	A communist state that overthrew the new Hungarian Republic. Although the Republic claimed to rule all of Hungary, it only exercised power over 23% of Hungary's historical territory and the communist government could not reach a deal with the Triple Entente to lift its economic blockade. The regime lasted until Romanian troops entered Budapest in early August.
Slovak Soviet Republic		Prešov	Slovakia	A short-lived puppet state of Communist Hungary. In mid-1919 Hungary launched an offensive into Czechoslovak territory capturing areas of southern Slovakia and declaring a Soviet republic headed by journalist Antonín Janoušek. The new Republic was extremely reliant on Hungary so when Hungary withdrew it swiftly collapsed.
Kingdom of Portugal		Porto	Portugal	A monarchist revolt led by colonial governor Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro. In the chaos of the Sidonists riots in Lisbon, Couceiro and his supporters marched on Porto and declared the reinstatement of the monarchy. But a lack of public support coupled with a revolt led by citizens of Porto and members of the National Republican Guard led to the Kingdoms downfall.
Free State of Schwenten [93]		Schwenten	Poland	In the middle of the chaos that was the Greater Poland uprising the inhabitants of the mainly ethnic German village of Schwenten invoked the right to self-determination from the American President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and declared themselves an independent and neutral state. But soon the residents realised that local Polish military units might use their German ethnicity as an excuse to annex the town and so the decision was made to disband the microstate and join the Weimar Republic.
Republic of Batumi		Batumi	Georgia	Attempt at establishing independence for Adjara, a historically Muslim region of Georgia. [94]
Provisional Government of White Karelia		Uhtua	Russia	A precursor Republic of Uhtua. Initially the state wanted to unite with Finland but later on there was discussion of becoming an independent country in alliance with the Finns. It soon expanded and evolved into the Republic of Uhtua
Republic of Prekmurje [95]		Murska Sobota	Slovenia	After the declaration of a communist republic in Hungary the ethnically Slovene area of the Prekmurje decided to secede from Hungary on the basis of the communist government seizing and confiscating ecclesiastical properties in the region. Separatists led by schoolmaster Vilmos Tkálecz declared independence and started conquering villages in the Prekmurje. However the Republic met a swift downfall when Hungarian Red Army marched on the region and murdered all their opponents, but after the fall of Hungarian Soviet Republic at the hands of the Romanians, the Yugoslav Army occupied the Prekmurje, and annexed it.
Knocklong Soviet		Knocklong	Ireland [96]	Another of the Irish Soviets, this was founded in the Cleeves (An Anglo-Canadian Unionist Family) owned creameries in the village of Knocklong in rural Limerick over the wages paid to the workers at the creameries which were considered to be one of the lowest paying employers in Ireland. Following a dispute with Cleeves workers belonging to ITGWU seized the facilities and started running them independently. The soviet lasted 5 days until the workers forced Cleeves to agree to a wage increase among other quality-of-life improvements.
Chyhyryn Soviet Republic		Chyhyryn	Ukraine	A Soviet-allied state founded when Cossack Ataman Svyryd Kotsur occupied the city of Chyhyryn in central Ukraine and started brutal reprisals against bourgeois and government officials and confiscating money and property for his detachment. Soon villagers in villages occupied by the Ataman's forces rebelled and the Republic melted into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Hungarian Republic	1919-1920	Budapest	Hungary	After the collapse of Hungarian Soviet Republic in the Hungarian–Romanian War counter-revolutionaries sought to return to the status-quo prior to the establishment of the communist regime, until the Paris Peace Conference forced Hungary to retreat behind the demarcation lines and re-establish the monarchy
North Caucasian Emirate [97]		Vedeno	Russia	A Chechen Islamic state in the regions of Dagestan and Chechnya led by Uzun-Hajji founded after troops from Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army started clashing with people in the region and Uzun-Hajji led a small unit and captured the town of Vedeno and declared independence under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Volunteer Army was still active in the region and the Emirate became reliant on Bolshevik aid until Uzun-Hajji's death when the state was absorbed into the newly founded Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
South Russia		Ekaterinodar (January 1919–March 1920) Novorossiysk (March 1920) Sevastopol (from April 1920)	Russia	A military Quasi-state that succeeded the General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia as the administration in charge of ruling the territories conquered by the Armed Forces of South Russia under General Anton Denikin.
Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee	1920	Smolensk	Poland	revolutionary committee established during the Polish–Soviet War under the patronage of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with the goal to establish a soviet republic within Poland, or a Polish Soviet Socialist Republic constituent in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. [98] [99]
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic		Ternopil	Ukraine	A communist state established by the Red Army as a buffer state after a successful counter-offensive during the Polish–Soviet Warand lasted until another Polish offensive that captured Ternopil.
Cork Harbour Soviet		Cork	Ireland	Another of the Irish soviets established over pay disputes. The Cork Soviet was founded when the Cork Harbour Board refused to increase the wages of the dock workers to 70 shillings a week as recommended by a commission set up by Lord Mayor of Cork Tomás Mac Curtain. Eventually, the Cork Harbour Soviet was disestablished after concluding with an agreement regarding an increase in wages.
Soviet Government in Waterford [100]		Waterford		One of the few Soviets in Ireland not founded to raise wages the Waterford Soviet was established in protest against the detention of Republicans on hunger-strike.
Republic of Mirdita [101]	1921	Prizren	Albania	A short-lived Yugoslav-backed state in the northern Albanian region of Mirdita aimed at destabilizing the Principality of Albania, soon overrun by Albania troops.
Republic of Mountainous Armenia		Goris	Armenia	After the defeat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in the February Uprising, military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh among others retreated to the mountainous province of Syunik and declared independence. But soon the Soviet Union launched a massive assault from the north and east and the republic collapsed.
Lajtabánság		Oberwart	Hungary and Austria	An attempt at an ethnic Hungarian state in the eastern Austrian state of Burgenland led by paramilitary commander Pál Prónay who started a guerrilla war in the countryside and in October, Lajtabánság was declared in Oberwart. The new state printed its own stamps and charged taxes on Austrian and Hungarian trains going through it. The republic ended when the guerrillas left under pressure from the Hungarian Government. A referendum was held in the city of Sopron and the surroundings on whether to join Hungary or Austria. The result was 65% in favour of joining Hungary.
Labin Republic [102]		Labin	Croatia	A short-lived left-wing uprising by the miners in the Istrian city of Labin (Albona) against the authoritarian regime of Benito Mussolini that was, along with the nearby Proština rebellion, considered one of the first Anti-fascist revolts. It was brutally crushed by the Italian administration in Istria one month later.
Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic		Pécs	Hungary & Croatia	After the defeat of the Hungarian Soviet Republic many communists fled to the area of Baranya in southern Hungary where the mayor of Pécs gave them refuge. At the Great People's Assembly of Pécs in August 1921 painter Petar Dobrović suggested the formation of a socialist state in Baranya, Dobrović became President of the new republic. However, after the Treaty of Trianon the region was allocated to Hungary and occupied by the forces of Miklós Horthy.
Bruree Soviet		Bruree	Ireland	Another Irish soviet founded in bakeries owned by the Cleeves family in Bruree, County Limerick over pay disputes.
Munster Republic	1922	None	Ireland	An informal name for the territories, in the province of Munster, occupied by the anti-treaty forces in the Irish Civil War. The 'republic' lasted until the Irish Free State launched an offensive and the state slowly crumbled.
Rhenish Republic	1923	Aachen	Germany	A separatist state declared by a coalition of French and Belgian troops and Rhineland separatists calling themselves the "Rhineland protection force" captured the Aachen Town Hall and declared themselves an independent republic under the suzerainty of France. Under the Republic's rule the Rhineland was a chaotic and unsafe area. The state soon dissolved due to infighting between the members of the cabinet.
Autonomous Palatinate	1924	Speyer		A Palatine separatist state founded around the same time of the separatist fervor in the Rhineland by Franz Josef Heinz. The state was brought down by the Bavarian anti-separatist Viking League who assassinated Heinz and perpetrated multiple massacres against his supporters
Tungus Republic	1924–1925	Ayan	Russia	In the aftermath of the Russian Civil War the Soviet secret police, the OGPU, and local branches of the new communist regime pursued a policy of terror against the native Tungusic peoples imposing "taxes" on many items, including feather, weapons, firewood, dogs, peeled bark of trees. So in May 1924 rebels lead by Mikhail Artemyev captured the town of Nelkan and in July the independence of the Tungus Republic was declared in Ayan. After successful negotiations between the separatists and the Yakut ASSR the rebels surrendered and where given amnesty.
Albanian Republic	1925–1928	Tirana	Albania	The Albanian Republic was the official regime of Albania as enshrined in the Constitution of 1925. Albania came under the influence of the Kingdom of Italy after signing the Treaties of Tirana, which gave Italy a monopoly on shipping and trade concessions. [103] The Republic ended when President Ahmed Zogu convinced the Parliament of Albania to proclaim him Zog I.
Republic of Galicia	1931	Santiago de Compostela	Spain	Short-lived Galician state that existed for only a few hours from 27 June 1931, a day ahead of the election to the Second Spanish Republic's Constitutional Assembly, to 28 June 1931. It was proclaimed by Galician nationalist and striking railway workers who had just lost their jobs after the Council of Ministers decided to end construction of a railway between Zamora and A Coruña. [104]
Second Catalan Republic		Barcelona		Proclaimed in 1931 by Francesc Macià as the "Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation", [105] [106] in the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. It was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, and superseded three days later, on 17 April, by the Generalitat de Catalunya, the Catalan institution of self-government within the Spanish Republic. [107]
Alt Llobregat insurrection	1932	?		a revolutionary general strike which took place in central Catalonia, in the northeast of Spain, in January 1932. Initially organised as a wildcat strike by miners in Fígols, who were protesting against low wages and poor working conditions, it soon turned into a general revolt and spread throughout the region. Workers seized local institutions, disarmed the police and proclaimed libertarian communism, all without any killing taking place. Within a week, the rebellion was suppressed by the Spanish Army. [108] [109]
Asturian Socialist Republic	1934	Oviedo		Revolutionaries took over Asturias by force, killing many of the province's police and religious leaders. [110] Armed with dynamite, rifles, and machine guns, they destroyed religious buildings, such as churches and convents. [111] [112] The rebels declared a Proletarian Revolution and instituted a local government in the territory. [113]
Catalan State		Barcelona		Short-lived state that existed in Catalonia from 6 to 7 October 1934 during the Events of 6 October. The Catalan State was proclaimed by Lluís Companys, the left-wing President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, as a state "within the Spanish Federal Republic" in response to members of the right-wing CEDA party being included in the government of Second Spanish Republic. The Catalan State was immediately suppressed by the Spanish Army led by General Domènec Batet and Companys surrendered the next day. [114]
Popular Executive Committee of Valencia	1936-1937	Valencia		Revolutionary autonomous entity created on July 22, to confront the Spanish coup of July 1936 which started the Spanish Civil War. It was made up of the political forces of the Popular Front and the trade union forces of the National Confederation of Labor and General Union of Workers (UGT). Based in Valencia, it covered most of Valencia province and part of Castellón and Alicante.
Madrid Defense Council [115]		Madrid		Governing body that ran Madrid, Spain, for about six months during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). It was formed in November 1936 after the Spanish Republican government had fled to Valencia when General Francisco Franco's forces advanced on Madrid. [116] [117]
Málaga Committee of Public Safety		Málaga		Revolutionary organization that emerged after the coup d'état that gave way to the Spanish Civil War, between the Nationalists and the Republicans. This entity was in charge of managing all political and social affairs until the city fell to the nationalist forces. [118]
Regional Defence Council of Aragon	1936–1937	Fraga (until December 1936) Caspe (from December 1936)		Administrative entity created by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in the context of the Spanish Revolution, during the Spanish Civil War. Until its dissolution, the CRDA controlled and administered the eastern half of Aragon. [119] [120]
Interprovincial Council of Santander, Palencia and Burgos	1937	Santander		governing body established on 8 February 1937 to coordinate the Republican areas in Cantabria (then officially called the province of Santander), Palencia and Burgos during the Spanish Civil War. [121]
Free City of Asch	1938	Asch	France	Proclamation by Sudeten Germans to secede from Czechoslovakia prior to the Munich Agreement. [122]
Autonomous Land of Slovakia	1938-1939	Bratislava	Slovakia	autonomous republic within the Second Czechoslovak Republic. It existed briefly from 23 November 1938 to 14 March 1939, when it declared independence from Czechoslovakia as the Slovak Republic, due to mounting pressure from Nazi Germany. [123]
Second Czechoslovak Republic		Prague	Czech Republic & Slovakia	Existed for 169 days, between 30 September 1938 and 15 March 1939. It was composed of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus', the latter being renamed Carpathian Ukraine on 30 December 1938. [124]
Military Administration in Poland	1939	Warsaw	Poland	Military occupation authorities established in the brief period during, and in the immediate aftermath of, the German invasion of Poland (1 September– 6 October 1939), in which the occupied Polish territories were administered by the German military (Wehrmacht) as opposed to the later civil administration and the General Government. [125]
Carpatho-Ukraine		Khust	Ukraine	Autonomous region, within the Second Czechoslovak Republic, created in December 1938 and renamed from Subcarpathian Rus', whose full administrative and political autonomy had been confirmed by constitutional law of 22 November 1938. [126]
Finnish Democratic Republic [8]	1939-1940	Helsinki, Terijoki	Finland	Short-lived puppet government of the Soviet Union in occupied Finnish territory from December 1939 to March 1940. [8]
National Legionary State	1940–1941	Bucharest	Romania	Totalitarian fascist regime which governed Romania for five months, from 14 September 1940 until its official dissolution on 14 February 1941. The regime was led by General Ion Antonescu in partnership with the Iron Guard, the Romanian fascist, ultra-nationalist, anti-communist and anti-Semitic organization. [127]
Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia [128]	1941-1944	Galanchozh	Russia	A provisional government established by Chechen ex-communist intellectual Hasan Israilov during the 1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya
Ukrainian National Government	1941	Lviv	Ukraine	Self-proclaimed Ukrainian government during the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The government was declared by the proclamation of the Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941, which also pledged to work with Nazi Germany. [129]
Republic of Užice [130]		Užice	Serbia	short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory and the first liberated territory in World War II Europe, organized as a military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in occupied Yugoslavia, more specifically the western part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia. [a] The Republic was established by the Partisan resistance movement and its administrative center was in the town of Užice. [130]
Provisional Government of Lithuania		Vilnius	Lithuania	Attempted provisional government to form an independent Lithuanian state in the last days of the first Soviet occupation and the first weeks of the German occupation of Lithuania during World War II in 1941. [133] [134] [135]
French Governmental Commission for the Defense of National Interests [136]		Sigmaringen Castle	France	temporary government-in-exile formed by remnants of France's Nazi-collaborating Vichy regime during the final stages of World War II. Established in the requisitioned Sigmaringen Castle in southwestern Germany, it was created after the German military evacuated key Vichy officials, including Marshal Philippe Pétain and other collaborators, to avoid capture by advancing Allied forces. [136]
Italian Corsica	1942–1943	Ajaccio		Occupation by the Kingdom of Italy of the French island of Corsica during the Second World War, from November 1942 to September 1943. [137]
Bihać Republic		Bihać	Serbia	Liberated territory that emerged in November 1942 and lasted until January 1943 in a liberated area of Nazi-occupied Yugoslavia. It was established by the Partisan resistance movement following the liberation of Bihać. Bihać became its administrative center and the first session of the Anti-Fascist Council of the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) was held there on 26 November 1942. [138]
German-occupied territory of Montenegro	1943-1944	Cetinje	Montenegro	During World War II, an area of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia previously occupied as the Italian governorate of Montenegro was occupied by German forces after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, in which the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and joined the Allies. Italian forces retreated from the governorate, and from neighbouring Albania. German forces occupied Montenegro immediately, along with Albania, and the territory remained under German occupation until they and many of their local collaborators withdrew in December 1944. [139]
Belarusian Central Council		Minsk	Belarus	Puppet administrative body in German-occupied Belarus during World War II. [140] It was established by Nazi Germany within Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1943–44, [141] following requests by collaborationist Belarusian politicians hoping to create a Belarusian state with German support. [141]
German occupation of Albania		Tirana	Albania	Albania was occupied by Nazi Germany between 1943 and 1944 during World War II. Before the armistice between Italy and the Allied armed forces on 8 September 1943, Albania had been in a de jure personal union with and was de facto under the control of the Kingdom of Italy. After the armistice and the Italian exit from the Axis, German military forces entered Albania and it came under German occupation, creating the client-state, the Albanian Kingdom. [142] [143]
Polish Committee of National Liberation	1944	Warsaw	Poland	Executive governing authority established by the Soviet-backed communists in Poland at the later stage of World War II. [144] [145] [146] [147]
Free Republic of Vercors [148]		Vassieux-en-Vercors	France	On 3 July 1944, Farge and a committee proclaimed the Free Republic of Vercors, the first independent territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The Free Republic had its own flag and coat of arms, the French Alpine Chamois. [149] [150]
Republic of Alto Monferrato		Nizza Monferrato	Italy	Short lived partisan state existing from September to December 2, 1944. The state came to exist following the political union of two Italian resistance movements based in Nizza Monferrato and Costigliole d'Asti of the southern Montferrat region. [151] Its main territory comprised the towns of Moasca, San Marzano Oliveto, Calamandrana, Mombercelli, Bruno, Bergamasco, and Castelnuovo Belbo. [152]
Republic of Bobbio		Bobbio		Short lived partisan state centered around the Italian city of Bobbio in Piacenza province. The republic extended for ~90 kilometers, from Val Trebbia to the Oltrepò Pavese. [153]
Second Republic of Pińczów		Pińczów	Poland	Short-lived entity in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship liberated by joint forces of Polish Resistance formations: Home Army, People's Army and Peasants' Battalions, during a period from July 21 to August 12, 1944. [154] [155]
Ossola Partisan Republic		Ossola	Italy	Partisan republic that was established in northern Italy on September 10, 1944, and recaptured by the fascists on October 23, 1944. [156]
Republic of Alba		Alba		Short-lived state that existed from 10 October to 2 November 1944 in Alba, northern Italy, as a local resistance against Italian fascism during World War II. [157]
Republic of the Taro Valley		Compile		Short lived partisan republic centered in Compiano aimed against the fascist regime. [158]
Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France		Brussels	Belgium	Nazi German civil administration which governed most of occupied Belgium and northern parts of occupied France in the second half of 1944 during World War II. [159] [160] [161] [162]
Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland	1944–1945	Warsaw (de jure) Lublin (de facto)	Poland	Established by the State National Council during the Nazi occupation of the country as a transitionary regime to a new Stalinist Poland against the wishes of the Polish government-in-exile. [163]
Provisional National Government of Hungary		Budapest	Hungary	Nazi-backed puppet government of Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_short-lived_states_and_dependencies&action=edit, which ruled the German-occupied Kingdom of Hungary during World War II in Eastern Europe. [164] [165] [166]
Flensburg Government	1945	Flensburg	Germany	Rump government of Nazi Germany during a period of three weeks around the end of World War II in Europe. The government was formed following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945 during the Battle of Berlin. [167]
Greater Hesse	1945-1946	Wiesbaden		Provisional name given for a section of German territory created by the United States military administration in at the end of World War II. It was formed by the Allied Control Council on 19 September 1945 [168]
Enclave of Police		Police	Poland	An area centered on the town of Police, in the District of the Western Pomerania, Poland, that was administrared as an exclave of the Randow District in the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. It existed from 5 October 1945 to 25 September 1946. It was independent of Polish administration, but remained within its territory. [169] [170]
State of Hanover	1946	Hanover	Germany	Short-lived state within the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany. It existed for 92 days in the course of the dissolution of the Free State of Prussia after World War II until the foundation of Lower Saxony in 1946. [171] [172]
Faroe Islands		Tórshavn	Denmark	The chairman of the Løgting declared independence on 18 September 1946, but this was not recognised either by a majority of the Løgting or the Danish parliament and government. [173] [174] [175]
Republic of Rose Island	1968	None	Italy	Short-lived micronation on a man-made platform in the Adriatic Sea, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) off the coast of the region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, built by Italian engineer Giorgio Rosa, who made himself its president and declared it an independent state on 1 May 1968. [176] [177]
Republic of Sbarre Centrali	1970–1971	Reggio Calabria		During the Years of Lead, backlash following the decision to make Catanzaro the capital of Calabria led to a brief neo-fascist takeover of Reggio Calabria. [178]
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration	1974–1975	Nicosia	Northern Cyprus	de facto administration established by the Turkish Cypriots in present-day Northern Cyprus immediately after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. [179] [180]
National Salvation Junta	1974–1975	Lisbon	Portugal	A group of military officers designated to maintain the government of Portugal in April 1974 after the Carnation Revolution had overthrown the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. [181] : 46  This junta assumed power following a communiqué of its president, António de Spínola, at 1:30 a.m. on 26 April 1974. The National Salvation Junta was the de jure governing body of Portugal following the Carnation Revolution.
Free Republic of Wendland	1980	N/A	Germany	Self-declared micronation and protest camp established in Gorleben, West Germany, on 3 May 1980 to protest against the establishment of a nuclear waste dump there. On 4 June 1980, the police moved in and evicted the camp. [182]
Czechoslovak Federative Republic	1990	Prague	Czech Republic & Slovakia	After the Velvet Revolution in late-1989, Czechoslovakia adopted the official short-lived country name Czech and Slovak Federative Republic during the period from 23 April 1990 until 31 December 1992, after which the country was peacefully dissolved into the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic	1990-1991	Tiraspol	Moldova	Created In 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR and possibly unite with Romania. The PMSSR was never recognised as a Soviet republic by the authorities in either Moscow or Chișinău. In 1991, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic succeeded the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. [183]
SAO Bosanska Krajina		Banja Luka	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Eight self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Oblasts within today's Bosnia and Herzegovina. They were declared in the majority Serb municipalities during the prelude of the Bosnian War. [184] [185] [186]
SAO Krajina		Knin
SAO North-East Bosnia		Bijeljina [187]
SAO Northern Bosnia		Doboj [188] [189]
SAO Romanija		Pale [190]
SAO Herzegovina [191]		Trebinje
SAO Ozren-Posavina		Orašje
SAO Birač		?
Polish National-Territorial Region		Naujoji Vilnia	Lithuania	Proposal by the Polish minority in Lithuania to the post-Soviet Lithuanian government about granting them autonomy. [192]
Dubrovnik Republic	1991-1992	Dubrovnik	Croatia	An unrecognized geopolitical entity and a self-proclaimed Serb quasi-state that existed during the Siege of Dubrovnik in the Croatian War of Independence, self-proclaimed by the Yugoslav People's Army on 15 October 1991 in occupied areas of Croatia, after being captured by members of 2nd Corps of the JNA. [193] Its provisional president was Aleksandar Aco Apolonio. [193]
Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina	1992-1995	Pale	Bosnia and Herzegovina	In March 1992 all of the SAOs were unified into the Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, renamed to Republika Srpska on 12 August. [194] [195]
Ilirida	1992	Tetovo	Macedonia	On April 6, 1992, the Republic of Ilirida was proclaimed in Struga by Albanian activists, [196] in front of a crowd of 2,500 people.
Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan	1998-1999	Kadar	Russia	An Islamist political entity established in the Buynaksky District, Dagestan during the War in Dagestan
Tatarstan	2008	Kazan	Russia	On 20 December 2008, in response to Russia recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People organisation declared Tatarstan independent and asked for United Nations recognition. However, this declaration was ignored both by the United Nations and the Russian government. On 24 July 2017, the autonomy agreement signed in 1994 between Moscow and Kazan expired, making Tatarstan the last republic of Russia to lose its special status.
Gezi Park Commune	2013	Gezi Park	Turkey	With the police abandoning attempts to clear the Gezi Park encampment on 1 June, the area began to take on some of the characteristics associated with the Occupy movement. [197] The number of tents swelled, to the point where a hand-drawn map was set up at the entrance. [198] Access roads to the park and to Taksim Square have been blocked by protesters against the police with barricades of paving stones and corrugated iron. [199]
Republic of Crimea	2014	Simferopol	Ukraine	Pro Russian troops dismissed the Crimean government, installed the pro-Russian Aksyonov government, and announced a referendum on Crimea's status. The referendum was held under Russian occupation and, according to the Russian-installed authorities, the result was overwhelmingly in favor of joining Russia. The next day, 17 March 2014, Crimea's authorities declared independence and requested to join Russia. [200] [201] Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014 as the Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol. [202] [203] [204] [205]
Second Republic of Ilirida		Tetovo	Macedonia	On September 18, 2014, a few dozen Albanians assembled in Skopje to again declare the creation of the Republic of Ilirida. [206] According to Nevzat Halili, the self-proclaimed president, the right of Albanians in Macedonia to self-determination and the proclamation of Ilirida as an autonomous region is based on the United States Constitution. [207] Halili threatened to organize a referendum if his plans were ignored by the government. [208]
Odessa People's Republic		Odesa	Ukraine	An 'Odessa People's Republic' was proclaimed by an internet group in Odesa Oblast on 16 April. [209]
Kharkov People's Republic [210]		Kharkiv		The Kharkov People's Republic was proclaimed on 7 April by a small group of pro-Russian separatists occupying the RSA building with Yevhen Zhylin as president. [211] However, later that day, Ukrainian special forces retook the building, thereby ending the control the protesters had had over the building. [211]
Republic of Stakhanov	2014-2015	Stakhanov		Separatist quasi-state on the territory of the city of Kadiivka (formerly Stakhanov) within the separatist Luhansk People's Republic. [212]
Novorossiya		Donetsk & Luhansk		In May 2014, the New Russia party announced their plans to seize the southeastern oblasts of Ukraine, namely Kharkiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia and Odesa, and combine them into an independent, pro-Russian state known as New Russia. [213] [214] [215] [216]
Third Catalan Republic [217]	2017	Barcelona	Spain	The 2017 Catalan independence referendum took place on 1 October, followed by the 2017 Catalan general strike on 3 October. On 10 October, a document declaring Catalonia to be an independent republic was signed by the members of Catalonia's pro-independence parliamentary majority. [218] [219] [220]
Kherson	2022	Kherson	Ukraine	On 27 September, Russian officials claimed that Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts' referendum passed with 93.11% of voters in favour of joining the Russian Federation. [221] Russia signed an accession treaty with the Russian administrations of the regions on 30 September 2022. [222] Russia annexed both oblasts on 30 September 2022, including parts of the oblasts that it did not control at the time. [222]
Zaporozhye		Melitopol

North America

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Trans-Oconee Republic	1794	?	United States	A short-lived, independent state west of the Oconee River (in the state of Georgia). Established by General Elijah Clarke in May 1794, it was an attempt to head off the new Federal government's ceding of lands claimed by Georgia back to the Creek. In September 1794, state and federal troops forced Clarke and his followers to surrender and leave the settlements. [223]
Republic of West Florida [224] [225] [226]	1810	St. Francisville		A short-lived unrecognized republic in Spanish West Florida, nowadays the south-eastern corner of Louisiana, for just over two and a half months during 1810. The Republic short existence began when American settlers in Spanish West Florida captured Fort San Carlos in Baton Rouge and it ended when it was occupied and annexed by the United States.
Republic of East Florida	1812	Amelia Island		A putative republic declared by insurgents against the Spanish rule of East Florida. [227]
First Republic of Texas [228] [229] [230]	1812-1813	San Antonio		A joint Mexican-American Filibustering expedition against Spanish Texas, led by Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara that defeated a Spanish force at the Battle of Rosillo Creek and declared independence, with Gutiérrez as governor. However the Spanish captured San Antonio and conducted brutal reprisals against the Texan Republicans and in the Battle of Medina the filibusters fought to the death with over 1,300 casualties.
Republic of the Floridas	1817	Fernandina Beach		Short-lived attempt, from June to December 1817, to establish an independent Florida. It was led by Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish military adventurer, and he was joined by French adventurer and soldier of fortune Louis-Michel Aury and by the Scot Richard Ambrister, whose execution by General Andrew Jackson shortly thereafter provoked an international incident. MacGregor conquered Amelia Island, the only territory the country consisted of, and raised the Green Cross of Florida flag over the Spanish Fort San Carlos. [231]
Republic of Texas	1819	Nacogdoches		A filibustering expedition led by Eli Harris who crossed the Sabine River with 120 men and captured Nacogdoches. James Long followed two weeks later with an additional 75 men. [232] On June 22, the combined force declared a new government, with Long as president and a 21-member Supreme Council. The following day, they issued a declaration of independence, modeled on the United States Declaration of Independence. [233] However the expedition soon crumbled beneath the advancing Spanish army and Long fled to Louisiana and attempted another incursionin 1921 but was captured and killed.
Republic of Spanish Haiti	1821–1822	Santo Domingo	Haiti	An unrecognized breakaway state that succeeded the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo after independence was declared on 1 December 1821 by José Núñez de Cáceres. [234] [235] The republic lasted only from 1 December 1821 to 9 February 1822 when it was annexed by the Republic of Haiti. [236]
United Provinces of Central America [237]	1823-1824	Guatemala City	Central America	A precursor of the Federal Republic of Central America formed after the United Provinces' separation from the First Mexican Empire and dissolved after the adoption of the new constitution.
Provisional Government of Mexico		Mexico City	Mexico	A transitional entity established in the aftermath of the fall of the First Mexican Empire to facilitate the transition from a monarchy to a republic. The Provisional Government lasted until October 1824 when the 1824 Constitution of Mexico was adopted and the election of the new president Guadalupe Victoria.
Republic of Madawaska [238]	1827	?	Canada	Putative republic in the northwest corner of Madawaska County, New Brunswick founded by settler John Baker who fervently believed Madawaska as a part of the US state of Maine who with the 15 other American families who lived in the settlement declared independence from Lower Canada. Soon, though Baker was arrested and jailed for nine months. One impact of the Republic was that it was one of the reasons for the Aroostook War which defined the American-Canadian border.
Republic of Canada	1837–1838	Navy Island		The Republic of Canada was a government proclaimed by William Lyon Mackenzie on December 5, 1837. [239] The self-proclaimed government was established on Navy Island [240]
Republic of Lower Canada [241]	1838	Napierville		The Republic of Lower Canada was a break-away state proclaimed in the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837–1838.
Republic of the Rio Grande [242]	1840	Laredo	United States	One of a series of political movements in what was then the Centralist Republic of Mexico, which sought to become independent from the authoritarian, unitary government of Antonio López de Santa Anna. [242]
First Republic of Tabasco	1841-1842	Villahermosa	Mexico	A separatist state founded in the southern Mexican state of Tabasco as a reaction towards certain changes in government. The First Republic was proclaimed during an uprising against the newly formed Centralist Republic of Mexico by members of society who wished to have a federal state. However infighting between other allied states and negotiations with the Mexican government persuaded the government of the Republic to rejoin the republic in return for higher autonomy.
Second Republic of Tabasco	1845	Villahermosa	Mexico
California Republic	1846	?	United States	Unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico, that existed from June 14, 1846, to July 9, 1846. It militarily controlled an area north of San Francisco, in and around what is now Sonoma County in California. [243]
Third Republic of Tabasco		Villahermosa	Mexico	The third Tabasqueño republic. It was founded after forces led by Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis repelled an American incursion into Tabasco that was attempting to annex it. After the American forces retreated Traconis urged the Mexican government for aid, fearing that another America assault was imminent. When the Mexican government refused to provide aid Traconis declared the secession of Tabasco. However facing economic pressure from the central government and civil unrest, Traconis handed over command to Justo Santa Anna who reincorporated the region back into Mexico.
State of Deseret	1848–1849	Salt Lake City	United States	Proposed state of the United States promoted by leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who had founded settlements in what is today the state of Utah. A provisional state government operated for nearly two years in 1849–50, but was never recognized by the United States government. [244]
State of Los Altos [245]		Quetzaltenango	Guatemala	Short-lived independent republic from 1848 to 1849. [245]
The Great Republic of Rough and Ready [246]	1850	Rough and Ready	United States	The town declared its secession from the United States as The Great Republic of Rough and Ready on 7 April 1850, largely to avoid mining taxes, but voted to rejoin the Union less than three months later on 4 July. [247] [246]
Republic of Sonora	1853–1854	La Paz	Mexico	Short-lived, unrecognized federal republic ruled by filibuster William Walker in 1854. It was based in Baja California and also claimed (but never controlled) Sonora. [248]
Republic of Baja California				Proposed state from 1853 to 1854, after American private military leader William Walker failed to invade Sonora from Arizona. Walker wanted to appropriate Sonora, and his claims had both the support of tycoons and government complacency in the United States. [249]
Palmetto Republic	1861	Columbia	United States	The states that became the Confederate States of America declared themselves independent before joining the Confederacy.
Alabama Republic		Montgomery
Republic of Louisiana		Baton Rouge, Opelousas, Shreveport
North Carolina		Raleigh
Tennessee		Nashville
Mississippi		Jackson
Virginia		Richmond
Kingdom of Callaway		Fulton		The Kingdom of Callaway was a county in Missouri that did not agree with the politics of either side in the American Civil War. As a result, it went on its own for a time. What made Callaway unique was that the Union general John B. Henderson signed a peace treaty with the Kingdom in October 1861, thus lending legitimacy to its existence. [250]
Republic of Puerto Rico	1868 & 1897	Lares		Two nationalist rebellions against the Spanish Empire staged by the Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico, the first, called Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares), was an uprising in the western municipality of Lares lead by Francisco Ramírez Medina. The rebels captured Lares, but when attempting to capture the nearby town of San Sebastián the rebels militia was annihilated by Spanish forces and many leaders were executed or exiled. Even though the Grito de Lares was a failure it inspired another uprising in the nearby town of Yauco in 1897 when two groups of Puerto Rican nationalists led by coffee plantation owner Antonio Mattei Lluberas attacked Spanish barracks in the town but were ambushed by Spanish forces who had gotten warned of an imminent attack. Although these two rebellions were not successful they have much symbolic resonance with the Independence movement in Puerto Rico and the Grito de Lares flag is regarded as a symbol of Puerto Rican nationalism.
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan [251]	1885	Batoche	Canada	A Métis secessionist state led by politician Louis Riel, a veteran of the Red River Rebellion, during the North-West Rebellion over land disputes with the Canadian government. The rebellion began with early successes at the Battle of Duck Lake and the Battle of Fish Creek, but due to a lack of local support and the size of the advancing Canadian force, the rebels were forced to make a last stand at the Battle of Batoche and Riel was captured and executed.
United States of Central America	1898	Amapala	Central America	Another attempt at unifying Central America founded as the successor to the Greater Republic of Central America, formed by El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, after the adoption of a new constitution. [252] The new union did not last long because, in El Salvador, a successful coup lead by General Tomás Regalado declared the departure from the federation with Honduras and Nicaragua leaving a few days later.
Republic of Tule [253] [254]	1925	Ailigandí	Panama	A state established by the Guna people during the San Blas Rebellion against the Panamanian government. The conflict was fought over the systematic cultural assimilation of the native Gula when Panama seceded from Colombia. [255] The rebellion began when a conference was held on the island of Agligandi declared independence and systematic attacks were carried out on police positions on many of the San Blas Islands. [256] Soon negotiations meditated by the United States between the rebels and the Panamanian administration resulted a peace treaty that allowed the Guna to retain their autonomous position as the Guna Yala Comarca.
McDonald Territory [257]	1961-1962	Anderson	United States
Republic of Anguilla	1967-1969	The Valley	Anguilla	On 6 February 1969, Anguilla held a referendum resulting in a vote of 1,739 to 4 against returning to association with Saint Kitts. The next day Anguilla declared itself an independent republic. [258]
Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca	2006	Oaxaca City	Mexico	The Mexican state of Oaxaca was embroiled in a conflict that lasted more than seven months and resulted in at least seventeen deaths and the occupation of the capital city of Oaxaca by the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca (APPO). [259] : 195
Capitol Hill Occupied Protest	2020	Capitol Hill	United States	An occupation protest and self-declared autonomous zone in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. The zone, originally covering two intersections at the corners of Cal Anderson Park and the roads leading up to them, [260] was established on June 8, 2020, by people protesting the May 2020 killing of George Floyd by a police officer in Minneapolis, Minnesota. [261] The zone was cleared of occupants by police on July 1, 2020. [262] [263]

Oceania

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
New Ireland	1804	Castle Hill	Australia	A revolt led by escaped United Irishmen convicts sent to Australia because of their involvement in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 who were inspired by stories of the Irish rebellion of 1803 in Dublin. The rebels' goals where to establish Australia underneath Irish rule and to capture ships to sail to Ireland to help start another uprising. Initially rebels led by Phillip Cunningham and William Johnston marched to Constitution Hill to rally their troops to capture the city of Parramatta. At Constitution Hill, Cunningham was elected "King of the Australian Empire" and the surrounding area was declared "New Ireland". The convicts agreed to negotiations with the British forces where British Cavalry charged the escapees camp and Cunningham was arrested.
Independent Commune of Franceville [264]	1889–1890	Port Vila	Vanuatu	An independent commune established by angry colonisers in the newly established Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission over the lack of legal rights due to the Commission being a neutral territory. In August 1889 the citizens of Franceville (Now Port Villa) declared independence under an elected mayor/president. The Independent Commune was one of the very first states to practice universal suffrage though only white males were permitted to hold office. The new administration was soon suppressed and the Joint Naval Commission was replaced by the New Hebrides Condominium.
Provisional Government of Hawaii	1893–1894	Honolulu	United States	Under the 13-member Committee of Safety’s chairman Henry E. Cooper and former judge Sanford B. Dole, Hawaii’s monarchy was overthrown, with a temporary republic established in place with the aim of ultimately annexing the archipelago to the United States. [265]
Republic of Minerva [266] [267]	1972	none	Tonga	An attempted at creating a libertarian society on an artificial island on the submerged Minerva Reefs by the Phoenix Foundation, an organisation founded by American real estate millionaire Michael Oliver aimed at creating a libertarian state through freebooting. In this specific attempt began when barges of sand from Australia dumped sand on the reefs to bring them over the tide mark and a flag was raised and the 'Republic of Minerva' declared independence. The neighbouring states found this upstart nation concerning and recognised Tonga's claim to the reefs. Tonga soon sent a military expedition to the island to remove the separatists and the filibustering expedition collapsed entirely when the 'president', Morris C. "Bud" Davis, was fired by Oliver.
Tanna Nation	1974	Imafin	Vanuatu	The very first of the secessionist revolts that rocked pre-independence Vanuatu. This uprising started when internal turmoil, in 1973, within the island erupted between the five island chiefs, the French worried there could be a conflict asked Corsican colonist and formers soldier Antoine Fornelli to mediate between the chiefs. Fornelli soon gained the chiefs confidence and acted as the figure head for the new nation proclaimed by him, the island chiefs and the Forcona Movement an anti-Presbyterian organisation, founded by followers of the John Frum cargo cult. The French colonists living on the island attempted to capture the areas held by the leaders of the revolt, but the Tannese revolted and the nation began to centralise its power in the north of the island around the village of Imafin which became their capital. However Anglo-French troops landed on the island in late July 1974 and captured Imafin and deported Fornelli to Australia.
Republic of the North Solomons	1975–1976	Arawa	Papua New Guinea	A provisional government on Bougainville Island that declared independence from the Australian-administered Territory of Papua and New Guinea just 15 days before the Territory itself gained independence. The name North Solomons was adopted in anticipation of a future merger with the British Solomon Islands which became independent three years later as the Solomon Islands. Following negotiations with the newly established Papua New Guinea the rebels agreed to join Papua New Guinea in exchange for heightened autonomy as the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.
Tafea Nation	1980	Lamlu	Vanuatu	Another secessionist state again founded on the island of Tanna and the surrounding islands of Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango and Aneityum, the first letters of all the islands make up the name of the nation. This polity was founded, just five months before Vanuatu gained independence, by members of the Customary Kapiel Alliance. The new state was attacked and re-conquered by British forces and reincorporated with the newly independent Vanuatu.
Republic of Vemerana		Luganville		Another attempt by the Phoenix Foundation to establish an independent libertarian state using Jimmy Stevens the leader of the autonomist Nagriamel party as a front to establish a country on the island of Espiritu Santo. The uprising started when Nagriamel rebels led by Stevens occupied the Santo International Airport and blockaded the airport by building barricades and blowing up nearby bridges and declared the independence of Espiritu Santo as the 'Republic of Vemerana'. The administration of the soon-to-be independent Vanuatu sent requests for troops from Britain and France, but due to French land-owners supporting Stevens and the rebels the French vetoed any suggestion of a military force being sent to Espiritu Santo to suppress the separatists. It then fell upon a small force sent by Papua New Guinea to defeat the rebels, the 'war' was uneventful with Stevens' followers being armed only with bows and arrows. The uprising ended when one of Stevens' sons was killed while trying to escape.
N'Makiaute [268] [269]		Norsup		A small revolt on the northern area of the island Malakula following encouragement from the Nagriamel rebels but was soon put down by French forces.
Republic of Rotuma [270]	1987–1988	Ituʻtiʻu	Fiji	Shortly after the September 1987 Fijian coup a Rotuman man named Henry Gibson declared to the newspapers the declaration of independence of the island of Rotuma citing human rights violations by the military-backed regime and the lack of representation of the Rotuman people in Fijian politics. However a small contingent of soldiers arrested Gibson and his fellow protestors and the separatists were charged with sedition. [271]

South America

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Supreme Junta	1810	Caracas	Venezuela	The short-lived transitional government of the Captaincy General of Venezuela following the deposal of Vicente Emparán which marked the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence. The Junta ended when the First Republic of Venezuela was founded.
First Republic of Venezuela [272]	1810–1812	Valencia		The very first Spanish American colony to declare independence. The republic was established at the same time as the Napoleonic Wars was reaching a fever pitch and after Napoleon forced the abdication of Charles IV of Spain and his son Ferdinand VII in favour of his brother Joseph Bonaparte the government of the decided to secede from Napoleon's Spain when the Supreme Central Junta was dissolved in 1810. However the republic did not last long because certain states of the republic did not recognise its independence and instead followed the Cortes of Cádiz and civil war ensued where the republic capitulated in July 1812
Second Republic of Venezuela	1813–1814	Caracas		In the aftermath of Simón Bolívar's defeat of Juan Domingo de Monteverde and the Royalists in the Admirable Campaign, Bolívar declared his home country of Venezuela independent. However the republic came to an end when Caracas was reconquered by the Royalists a year after independence.
Pernambuco	1817	Recife	Brazil	A separatist revolt in the northeastern Brazilian Captaincy of Pernambuco, led by the Masonic lodges of the area. The revolt is significant because it was the first attempt at establishing an independent government in Brazil. Though the revolutionaries experienced early gains, after two months their capital of Recife was surrounded and the rebel government was dismantled.
Republic of Entre Ríos	1820–1821	Concepción del Uruguay	Argentina	Short-lived republic comprising what are today the Argentinian provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes, it was founded by Governor Francisco Ramírez not for the sake of Entrerriano independence from Argentina, but for greater autonomy for the region in response to the centralization policies of Buenos Aires. [273]
Republic of Tucumán	1820–1821	San Miguel de Tucumán		After the Battle of Cepeda and the defeat of the Unitarians at the hands of the Federalists, Governor Bernabé Aráoz of the Tucumán Province declared Tucumán independent as a republic expecting to be incorporated into the newly reformed United Provinces of the Río de la Plata but as the year progressed the fledgling republic slowly began to push for full independence. Soon the federal government sent Alejandro Heredia to recapture the republic. The combined elements of Heredia's assault and infighting between the divisions of the republic.
Zulia	1821	Maracaibo	Venezuela	After the secession of the Third Republic of Venezuela from the Spanish Empire the council of the province of Maracaibo declared the independence of the province as a self-governing entity of the Spanish Empire and renamed themselves the Zulia Department.
Protectorate of Peru	1821–1822	Lima	Peru	A protectorate of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata formed after the liberation of Peru by Chilean and Argentinian forces led by General José de San Martín who was proclaimed Protector of Peru. But after San Martín left Peru and reno, the protectorate was reorganized into the Supreme Governing Junta.
Independent Republic of Hualqui [274] [275]	1823	Hualqui	Chile	During the War to the Death waged by the remnants of the Royalist forces, the inhabitants of the town of Hualqui were repeatedly raided by the Royalist Montoneras led by Vicente Benavides and, despite many attempts to plead for aid, the government of the Province of Concepción refused to provide support. So the inhabitants of Hualqui and the neighbouring communes of Rere and San Rosendo declared their independence. the central administration in Concepción did not react well to the declaration and two days later a contingent of soldiers crushed the secessionists.
Confederation of the Equator [276] [277]	1824	Recife?	Brazil	Another rebellion in the Captaincy of Pernambuco, again led by former participants of the Pernambucan revolt-namely Frei Caneca and Manoel de Carvalho- who opposed the authoritarian and centrist policies of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, in the aftermath of the Night of Agony attack on the 1823 Brazilian Constituent Assembly which Caneca and the others supported. The rebellion however was quickly overwhelmed because of a lack of support from the inhabitants and Caneca and Carvalho were executed.
State of Upper Peru	1825	La Paz	Bolivia	Two short-lived republics founded in rapid succession of one another, after the Bolivian War of Independence, both lead by Simón Bolívar and later Antonio José de Sucre, soon became the Republic of Bolivia
Republic of Bolivar
Republic of Alto Perú	1828			When the Peruvian–Bolivian War of 1828 was coming to an end, Bolivian sympathetic to Peru troops led by Pedro Blanco Soto and José Ramón de Loayza in the province of La Paz mutinied and declared independence. However, with the capture and murder of Blanco Soto and the arrest of Loayza spelled the end of the ill-fated republic.
United Government of Casanare	1830-1831	Pore	Colombia	During the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the Casanare Province led by General Juan Nepomuceno Moreno seceded from Gran Colombia whishing to join the newly independent State of Venezuela. However their offer of annexation was rejected by the Valencia Congress, because the move would have been considered a hostile act by the central government in Bogotá.
Peruvian Republic	1837	Lima & Arequipa	Peru	A Chilean puppet state led by Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente during the War of the Confederation. The republic was soon dissolved when the Chilean forces were encircled by the Peruvians and forced to sign the Treaty of Paucarpata.
Bahia Republic	1837-1838	Salvador	Brazil	An anti-slavery secessionist revolt by army mutineers led by Francisco Sabino. The uprising started with early success when the contingent sent by the Brazilian government to deal with the rebels defected and with the support of the defectors captured the city of Salvador but the city was soon besieged and the republic fell with the leaders of the revolt where exiled to remote areas of Mato Grosso or fleeing to fight in the Ragamuffin War.
Peruvian Republic	1838–1839	Lima	Peru	A state encompassing the entirety of the state of North Peru that seceded from the Peru–Bolivian Confederation during the War of the Confederation. The leaders of the new state soon reached an agreement with Andrés de Santa Cruz and the republic was reabsorbed into the Confederation as an autonomous republic.
Juliana Republic [278]	1839	Laguna	Brazil	A state formed in the province of Santa Catarina by the spillover of the Ragamuffin War in the nearby province of Rio Grande do Sul where the Riograndense Republic was already established. In four months the capital of Laguna was encircled and the leaders surrendered.
Provisional Government of Atacama	1859	Copiapo	Chile	A parallel government established by the Liberal rebels during the 1859 Chilean revolution. Though the provisional government was well organised and projects were accomplished in a short amount of time, most notably the introduction of their own currency the Peso constituyente, the rebels were swiftly defeated by the Conservative forces and their leader, Pedro León Gallo Goyenechea exiled to Argentina
Sovereign State of Quindío	1860	Cartago	Colombia	Brief attempt at secession by the Quindío Department against the central government of New Granada. Lasted from January to August of that year. [279]
Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso	1892	Corumba	Brazil	In the aftermath of the death of General Deodoro da Fonseca, many governors installed by Fonseca were removed from office, including the governor of Mato Grosso do Sul, Manuel Murtinho, who was removed by the 21st infantry battalion, under the command of Colonel João da Silva Barbosa, and local rebels. Barbosa wanted to take advantage of the political turmoil and seize power for himself and declared Mato Grosso do Sul a free republic. Soon the rebels were expelled from their capital of Corumba and the Transatlantic Republic was absorbed back into Brazil and Murtinho was reinstalled as governor.
Manhuassu Republic	1896	Manhuassu		A microstate in the municipality of Manhuassu led by former mayor of the municipality Serafim Tibúrcio da Costa when he was fraudulently defeated in his re-election bid by Father Odorico Dolabela. Da Costa attempted to appeal to governor Chrispim Jacques Bias Fortes but was rejected, so da Costa took matters into his own hands and with a force of 800 men he captured the area and declared it a independent republic. When the news reached the state administration they sent a force to recapture the municipality, however they were beaten back by da Costa's forces and the administration had to appeal for reinforcements from the central government which recaptured the town.
Federal State of Loreto [280]		Iquitos	Peru	An autonomous state of Peru proclaimed during the Loretan Insurrection of 1896 by insurgents wishing for a federalized Peruvian state. It was not supported by many of the inhabitants of the state and was soon put down by a Peruvian expedition.
Jungle Nation	1899–1900	Moyobamba		The second attempt to create an independent state in the Department of Loreto created by Colonel Emilio Vizcarra, a Peruvian soldier appointed prefect of the department who grew disillusioned with the national government, and declared himself 'Supreme Leader'. The republic came to an end with Vizcarra's death during his tour of the Loretan cities where, in Moyobamba, he got embroiled in a revolt where he got a rock fatally thrown at his head and died.
Republic of Acre	1903	Porto Acre	Brazil	Declared independence from Bolivia three times between 1899 and 1903 before being ceded to Brazil in the Treaty of Petrópolis. The region had been long settled by Brazilians for decades prior to its triple secession. [281]
Republic of Arauca	1916-1917	Arauca	Colombia	Brief attempt at secession by the Arauca Department against the central government of Colombia. Created following Colombian fears of repeating a situation similar to the separation of Panama from the country. [282]
Third Federal State of Loreto	1921–1922	Iquitos	Peru & Ecuador	Proclaimed during an insurrection in 1921 by Captain Guillermo Cervantes, it was declared as a call for greater autonomy for peripheral regions of Peru as well as a possible transformation of the country into a federal state. Succeeded previous secessions by Loreto in 1896 and 1899. [283]
Encarnación Commune	1931	Encarnación	Paraguay	An attempted occupation of Encarnación, Paraguay, in February 1931 as part of a larger plan to initiate a social libertarian (anarchist) revolution in the country. [284]
Socialist Republic of Chile	1932	Santiago	Chile	Established by the Government Junta in the midst of the Great Depression following the resignation of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Lasted for three months before being dissolved due to unpopular drastic economic measures enforced on the country. [285]
State of Maracaju		Campo Grande	Brazil	Created during the Constitutionalist Revolution, occupying what is today Rio Grande do Sul. An early manifestation of separatism by Cuiabá. [286]
State of São Paulo [287]		São Paulo		Rebellion against the presidency of Getúlio Vargas, who eroded the autonomy of the Brazilian states provided by the 1891 Constitution and established a virtual dictatorship through uncontrolled rule-by-decree. Paulistas weren't seeking independence from Brazil, but rather reform of the central government in Rio de Janeiro. [288]
State Union of Jeová [289]	1952-1953	Cotaxé		From July 1952 to March 1953, a sect of Jehovah's Witnesses proclaimed a messianic utopian community in the wake of peasant unrest in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. As a consequence, it wasn't until 2015 that 40 km2 of Ecoporanga were disputed by both states. [290]
Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi	1969	Lethem	Guyana	Two years after the independence of Guyana from the United Kingdom, the country was shocked by an uprising of cattle ranchers and Rupununi Amerindians in its southwestern region of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, with the insurgents being allegedly supported by Venezuela. Part of the ongoing territorial dispute between both countries. [291]
Military Administration of the Malvinas, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands	1982	Puerto Argentino	United Kingdom	Established during the Falklands War when Argentina briefly seized the Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom. Lasted for 74 days with little persecution and mistreatment of the local Falkland Islanders. [292]

Antarctica

Name	Date	Capital	Now Part Of	Description
Yamato Yukihara	1912	N/A	Ross Dependency	An unrecognised Japanese Antarctic claim made by Imperial Japanese Army Lieutenant Nobu Shirase, spanning the entirety of the Ross Ice Shelf, but was not recognised by the Japanese government.

See also

• List of historical unrecognized states
• List of former sovereign states
• Provisional government

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292. Democracy restored to the Falkland Islands

Notes

1. Official name of the occupied territory ^{[131] [132]}