 | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(June 2015) |
Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene. [5] [6]
| This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(June 2015) |
Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene. [5] [6]
Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Dlx3 transcription is mediated through Wnt, and colocalization of Dlx3 with phospho-SMAD1/5/8 is involved in the regulation of transcription by BMP signaling. [7] Dlx3 transcription is also induced by BMP-2 through transactivation with SMAD1 and SMAD4. [8]
Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 17. [6]
Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant conditions trichodentoosseous syndrome (TDO) and amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism. [6]
Growth/differentiation factor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF9 gene.
SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 is a highly conserved protein present in all metazoans. It belongs to the SMAD family of transcription factor proteins, which act as mediators of TGF-β signal transduction. The TGFβ family of cytokines regulates critical processes during the lifecycle of metazoans, with important roles during embryo development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and immune regulation.
SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.
Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene; also known as ALK-2. ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system. While knock-out models with this gene are in progress, the ACVR1 gene has been connected to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a disease characterized by the formation of heterotopic bone throughout the body. It is a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1.
Genes in the DLX family encode homeodomain transcription factors related to the Drosophiladistal-less(Dll) gene. The family has been related to a number of developmental features such as jaws and limbs. The family seems to be well preserved across species. As DLX/Dll are involved in limb development in most of the major phyla, including vertebrates, it has been suggested that Dll was involved in appendage growth in an early bilaterial ancestor.
Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF6 gene.
Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZEB2 gene. The ZEB2 protein is a transcription factor that plays a role in the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways that are essential during early fetal development.
Homeobox protein MSX-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX1 gene. MSX1 transcripts are not only found in thyrotrope-derived TSH cells, but also in the TtT97 thyrotropic tumor, which is a well differentiated hyperplastic tissue that produces both TSHß- and a-subunits and is responsive to thyroid hormone. MSX1 is also expressed in highly differentiated pituitary cells which until recently was thought to be expressed exclusively during embryogenesis. There is a highly conserved structural organization of the members of the MSX family of genes and their abundant expression at sites of inductive cell–cell interactions in the embryo suggest that they have a pivotal role during early development.
Homeobox protein MSX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX2 gene.
Homeobox protein DLX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the distal-less homeobox 5 gene, or DLX5 gene. DLX5 is a member of DLX gene family.
Homeobox protein DLX-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX4 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD12 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD1 gene.
Homeobox protein DLX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX2 gene.
Homeobox protein Meis2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEIS2 gene.
Repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) co-receptor of the repulsive guidance molecule family. Together with BMPR1A and BMPR1B, as well as ACVR2A and BMPR2, it binds BMPs thereby activating the intracellular SMAD1/5/8 signalling pathway. In humans this protein is encoded by the RGMA gene.
Homeobox protein DLX-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX1 gene.
Homeobox protein DLX-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX6 gene.
Zinc finger protein 423 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF423 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA2 gene.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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