KMT2A

Last updated
KMT2A
Protein MLL PDB 2j2s.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases KMT2A , ALL-1, CXXC7, HRX, HTRX1, MLL, MLL/GAS7, MLL1, MLL1A, TET1-MLL, TRX1, WDSTS, MLL-AF9, lysine methyltransferase 2A, Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase HRX, ALL1, HTRX
External IDs MGI: 96995 HomoloGene: 4338 GeneCards: KMT2A
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4297

214162

Ensembl

ENSG00000118058

ENSMUSG00000002028

UniProt

Q03164

P55200

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001197104
NM_005933
NM_024891

NM_001081049
NM_001357549

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001184033
NP_005924

NP_001344478

Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 118.44 – 118.53 Mb Chr 9: 44.71 – 44.79 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A, also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1 (ALL-1), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia1 (MLL1), or zinc finger protein HRX (HRX), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KMT2A gene. [5]

MLL1 is a histone methyltransferase deemed a positive global regulator of gene transcription. This protein belongs to the group of histone-modifying enzymes comprising transactivation domain 9aaTAD [6] and is involved in the epigenetic maintenance of transcriptional memory. Its role as an epigenetic regulator of neuronal function is an ongoing area of research.

Function

Transcriptional regulation

KMT2A gene encodes a transcriptional coactivator that plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during early development and hematopoiesis. The encoded protein contains multiple conserved functional domains. One of these domains, the SET domain, is responsible for its histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase activity which mediates chromatin modifications associated with epigenetic transcriptional activation. Enriched in the nucleus, the MLL1 enzyme trimethylates H3K4 (H3K4me3). It also upregulates mono- and dimethylation of H3K4. [7] This protein is processed by the enzyme Taspase 1 into two fragments, MLL-C (~180 kDa) and MLL-N (~320 kDa). [8] [9] These fragments then assemble into different multi-protein complexes that regulate the transcription of specific target genes, including many of the HOX genes.

Transcriptome profiling after deletion of MLL1 in cortical neurons revealed decreased promoter-bound H3K4me3 peaks at 318 genes, with 31 of these having significantly decreased expression and promoter binding. [10] Among them were Meis2 , a homeobox transcription factor critical for development of forebrain neurons [11] [12] and Satb2 , a protein involved in neuronal differentiation. [13]

Multiple chromosomal translocations involving this gene are the cause of certain acute lymphoid leukemias and acute myeloid leukemias. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [14]

Cognition and emotion

MLL1 has been shown to be an important epigenetic regulator of complex behaviors. Rodent models of MLL1 dysfunction in forebrain neurons showed that conditional deletion results in elevated anxiety and defective cognition. Prefrontal cortex-specific knockout of MLL1 results in the same phenotypes, as well as working memory deficits. [10]

Stem cells

MLL1 has been found to be an important regulator of epiblast-derived stem cells, post-implantation epiblast derived stem cells which display pluripotency yet many recognizable differences from the traditional embryonic stem cells derived from inner cell mass prior to implantation. Suppression of MLL1 expression was shown to be adequate for inducing ESC-like morphology and behavior within 72 hours of treatment. It has been proposed that the small molecule inhibitor MM-401, which was used to inhibit MLL1, changes the distribution of H3K4me1, the single methylation of the histone H3 lysine 4, to be significantly downregulated at MLL1 targets thus leading to decreased expression of MLL1 targets, rather than a direct regulation of pluripotency core markers. [15]

Structure

Gene

KMT2A gene has 37 exons and resides on chromosome 11 at q23. [14]

Protein

KMT2A has over a dozen binding partners and is cleaved into two pieces, a larger N-terminal fragment, involved in gene repression, and a smaller C-terminal fragment, which is a transcriptional activator. [16] The cleavage, followed by the association of the two fragments, is necessary for KMT2A to be fully active. Like many other methyltransferases, the KMT2 family members exist in multisubunit nuclear complexes (human COMPASS), where other subunits also mediate the enzymatic activity. [17]

9aaTADs in the E protein family.jpg Piskacek Figures v9b.jpg

Clinical significance

Abnormal H3K4 trimethylation has been implicated in several neurological disorders such as autism. [18] Humans with cognitive and neurodevelopmental disease often have dysregulation of H3K4 methylation in prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons. [18] [19] [20] It also may participate in the process of GAD67 downregulation in schizophrenia. [19]

MLL1 is required for the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes and promotes increased inflammation. [21]

Rearrangements of the MLL1 gene are associated with aggressive acute leukemias, both lymphoblastic and myeloid. [22] Despite being an aggressive leukemia, the MLL1 rearranged sub-type had the lowest mutation rates reported for any cancer. [23]

Mutations in MLL1 cause Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [24] The leukemia cells of up to 80 percent of infants with ALL-1 have a chromosomal rearrangement that fuses the MLL1 gene to a gene on a different chromosome. [23]

Interactions

MLL (gene) has been shown to interact with:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Histone</span> Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes

In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla. They act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn are wrapped into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly packed chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from DNA damage. In addition, histones play important roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Without histones, unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA if completely stretched out; however, when wound about histones, this length is reduced to about 90 micrometers (0.09 mm) of 30 nm diameter chromatin fibers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EP300</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Histone acetyltransferase p300 also known as p300 HAT or E1A-associated protein p300 also known as EP300 or p300 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the EP300 gene. It functions as histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription of genes via chromatin remodeling by allowing histone proteins to wrap DNA less tightly. This enzyme plays an essential role in regulating cell growth and division, prompting cells to mature and assume specialized functions (differentiate), and preventing the growth of cancerous tumors. The p300 protein appears to be critical for normal development before and after birth.

Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up nucleosomes, which the DNA double helix wraps around to form chromosomes. Methylation of histones can either increase or decrease transcription of genes, depending on which amino acids in the histones are methylated, and how many methyl groups are attached. Methylation events that weaken chemical attractions between histone tails and DNA increase transcription because they enable the DNA to uncoil from nucleosomes so that transcription factor proteins and RNA polymerase can access the DNA. This process is critical for the regulation of gene expression that allows different cells to express different genes.

p300-CBP coactivator family Protein family

The p300-CBP coactivator family in humans is composed of two closely related transcriptional co-activating proteins :

  1. p300
  2. CBP
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein c-Fos</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Protein c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos. It is encoded in humans by the FOS gene. It was first discovered in rat fibroblasts as the transforming gene of the FBJ MSV. It is a part of a bigger Fos family of transcription factors which includes c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1 and Fra-2. It has been mapped to chromosome region 14q21→q31. c-Fos encodes a 62 kDa protein, which forms heterodimer with c-jun, resulting in the formation of AP-1 complex which binds DNA at AP-1 specific sites at the promoter and enhancer regions of target genes and converts extracellular signals into changes of gene expression. It plays an important role in many cellular functions and has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autoimmune regulator</span> Immune system protein

The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIRE gene. It is a 13kb gene on chromosome 21q22.3 that has 545 amino acids. AIRE is a transcription factor expressed in the medulla of the thymus. It is part of the mechanism which eliminates self-reactive T cells that would cause autoimmune disease. It exposes T cells to normal, healthy proteins from all parts of the body, and T cells that react to those proteins are destroyed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KDM1A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) also known as lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KDM1A gene. LSD1 is a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidase, which can demethylate mono- and di-methylated lysines, specifically histone 3, lysine 4 (H3K4). Other reported methylated lysine substrates such as histone H3K9 and TP53 have not been biochemically validated. This enzyme plays a critical role in oocyte growth, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and tissue-specific differentiation. LSD1 was the first histone demethylase to be discovered though more than 30 have since been described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CREB-binding protein</span> Nuclear protein that binds to CREB

CREB-binding protein, also known as CREBBP or CBP or KAT3A, is a coactivator encoded by the CREBBP gene in humans, located on chromosome 16p13.3. CBP has intrinsic acetyltransferase functions; it is able to add acetyl groups to both transcription factors as well as histone lysines, the latter of which has been shown to alter chromatin structure making genes more accessible for transcription. This relatively unique acetyltransferase activity is also seen in another transcription enzyme, EP300 (p300). Together, they are known as the p300-CBP coactivator family and are known to associate with more than 16,000 genes in humans; however, while these proteins share many structural features, emerging evidence suggests that these two co-activators may promote transcription of genes with different biological functions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear receptor coactivator 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The nuclear receptor coactivator 2 also known as NCoA-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA2 gene. NCoA-2 is also frequently called glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2), or transcriptional mediators/intermediary factor 2 (TIF2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinoic acid receptor alpha</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), also known as NR1B1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RARA gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KAT6A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the KAT6A gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 8, band 8p11.21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WDR5</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

WD repeat-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KMT2D</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D), also known as MLL4 and sometimes MLL2 in humans and Mll4 in mice, is a major mammalian histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) mono-methyltransferase. It is part of a family of six Set1-like H3K4 methyltransferases that also contains KMT2A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KMT2F, and KMT2G.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ASH1L</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ASH1L is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the ASH1L gene located at chromosomal band 1q22. ASH1L is the human homolog of Drosophila Ash1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KIX domain</span>

In biochemistry, the KIX domain (kinase-inducible domain (KID) interacting domain) or CREB binding domain is a protein domain of the eukaryotic transcriptional coactivators CBP and P300. It serves as a docking site for the formation of heterodimers between the coactivator and specific transcription factors. Structurally, the KIX domain is a globular domain consisting of three α-helices and two short 310-helices.

While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention has turned to the epigenetic mechanisms behind the dynamic changes in gene transcription responsible for memory formation and maintenance. Epigenetic gene regulation often involves the physical marking of DNA or associated proteins to cause or allow long-lasting changes in gene activity. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications have been shown to play an important role in learning and memory.

Embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing and differentiating to the desired fate depending on their position in the body. Stem cell homeostasis is maintained through epigenetic mechanisms that are highly dynamic in regulating the chromatin structure as well as specific gene transcription programs. Epigenetics has been used to refer to changes in gene expression, which are heritable through modifications not affecting the DNA sequence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali Shilatifard</span>

Ali Shilatifard is an American biochemist, molecular biologist, the Robert Francis Furchgott Professor and chairman of the department of biochemistry and molecular genetics, and the director of the Simpson Query Institute for Epigenetics at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. He has served as a member of the Senior Editorial Board for the journal Science. He also served as the founding Deputy Editor and the first academic Editor for Science's open access journal Science Advances between 2014 and 2023. During his tenure as the editor of Science Advances, the journal brought onboard roughly 50 deputy editors and over 350 associate editors managing over 22,000 annual submissions and roughly 2,000 annual publications, reaching an impact factor of 14.98. He has served on the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of Keystone Symposia, Max Planck Society, and Genentech and is a member of the jury for the BBVA Foundation Prize in Medicine.

In epigenetics, proline isomerization is the effect that cis-trans isomerization of the amino acid proline has on the regulation of gene expression. Similar to aspartic acid, the amino acid proline has the rare property of being able to occupy both cis and trans isomers of its prolyl peptide bonds with ease. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, or PPIase, is an enzyme very commonly associated with proline isomerization due to their ability to catalyze the isomerization of prolines. PPIases are present in three types: cyclophilins, FK507-binding proteins, and the parvulins. PPIase enzymes catalyze the transition of proline between cis and trans isomers and are essential to the numerous biological functions controlled and affected by prolyl isomerization Without PPIases, prolyl peptide bonds will slowly switch between cis and trans isomers, a process that can lock proteins in a nonnative structure that can affect render the protein temporarily ineffective. Although this switch can occur on its own, PPIases are responsible for most isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds. The specific amino acid that precedes the prolyl peptide bond also can have an effect on which conformation the bond assumes. For instance, when an aromatic amino acid is bonded to a proline the bond is more favorable to the cis conformation. Cyclophilin A uses an "electrostatic handle" to pull proline into cis and trans formations. Most of these biological functions are affected by the isomerization of proline when one isomer interacts differently than the other, commonly causing an activation/deactivation relationship. As an amino acid, proline is present in many proteins. This aids in the multitude of effects that isomerization of proline can have in different biological mechanisms and functions.

H3K4me1 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the mono-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein and often associated with gene enhancers.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000118058 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002028 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Ziemin-van der Poel S, McCabe NR, Gill HJ, Espinosa R, Patel Y, Harden A, et al. (December 1991). "Identification of a gene, MLL, that spans the breakpoint in 11q23 translocations associated with human leukemias". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (23): 10735–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10735 . PMC   53005 . PMID   1720549.
  6. ↑ Goto NK, Zor T, Martinez-Yamout M, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (November 2002). "Cooperativity in transcription factor binding to the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). The mixed lineage leukemia protein (MLL) activation domain binds to an allosteric site on the KIX domain" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (45): 43168–74. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207660200 . PMID   12205094. S2CID   30354764.; Prasad R, Yano T, Sorio C, Nakamura T, Rallapalli R, Gu Y, et al. (December 1995). "Domains with transcriptional regulatory activity within the ALL1 and AF4 proteins involved in acute leukemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (26): 12160–4. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9212160P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12160 . PMC   40316 . PMID   8618864.; Ernst P, Wang J, Huang M, Goodman RH, Korsmeyer SJ (April 2001). "MLL and CREB bind cooperatively to the nuclear coactivator CREB-binding protein". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (7): 2249–58. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.7.2249-2258.2001. PMC   86859 . PMID   11259575.
  7. ↑ Del Rizzo PA, Trievel RC (September 2011). "Substrate and product specificities of SET domain methyltransferases". Epigenetics. 6 (9): 1059–67. doi:10.4161/epi.6.9.16069. PMC   3225744 . PMID   21847010.
  8. ↑ Takeda S, Chen DY, Westergard TD, Fisher JK, Rubens JA, Sasagawa S, et al. (September 2006). "Proteolysis of MLL family proteins is essential for taspase1-orchestrated cell cycle progression". Genes & Development. 20 (17): 2397–409. doi:10.1101/gad.1449406. PMC   1560414 . PMID   16951254.
  9. ↑ Hsieh JJ, Ernst P, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Korsmeyer SJ (January 2003). "Proteolytic cleavage of MLL generates a complex of N- and C-terminal fragments that confers protein stability and subnuclear localization". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (1): 186–94. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.1.186-194.2003. PMC   140678 . PMID   12482972.
  10. 1 2 Jakovcevski M, Ruan H, Shen EY, Dincer A, Javidfar B, Ma Q, et al. (April 2015). "Neuronal Kmt2a/Mll1 histone methyltransferase is essential for prefrontal synaptic plasticity and working memory". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (13): 5097–108. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3004-14.2015. PMC   4380991 . PMID   25834037.
  11. ↑ Takahashi K, Liu FC, Oishi T, Mori T, Higo N, Hayashi M, et al. (July 2008). "Expression of FOXP2 in the developing monkey forebrain: comparison with the expression of the genes FOXP1, PBX3, and MEIS2". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 509 (2): 180–9. doi:10.1002/cne.21740. PMID   18461604. S2CID   5166430.
  12. ↑ Larsen KB, Lutterodt MC, Laursen H, Graem N, Pakkenberg B, Møllgård K, et al. (July 2010). "Spatiotemporal distribution of PAX6 and MEIS2 expression and total cell numbers in the ganglionic eminence in the early developing human forebrain". Developmental Neuroscience. 32 (2): 149–62. doi:10.1159/000297602. PMID   20523026. S2CID   21973035.
  13. ↑ Britanova O, de Juan Romero C, Cheung A, Kwan KY, Schwark M, Gyorgy A, et al. (February 2008). "Satb2 is a postmitotic determinant for upper-layer neuron specification in the neocortex". Neuron. 57 (3): 378–92. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.028 . PMID   18255031. S2CID   9248058.
  14. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: KMT2A lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2A".
  15. ↑ Zhang H, Gayen S, Xiong J, Zhou B, Shanmugam AK, Sun Y, et al. (2016). "MLL1 Inhibition Reprograms Epiblast Stem Cells to Naive Pluripotency". Cell Stem Cell. 18 (4): 481–94. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.02.004. PMC   4826731 . PMID   26996599.
  16. ↑ Yokoyama A, Kitabayashi I, Ayton PM, Cleary ML, Ohki M (November 2002). "Leukemia proto-oncoprotein MLL is proteolytically processed into 2 fragments with opposite transcriptional properties". Blood. 100 (10): 3710–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1015 . PMID   12393701.
  17. ↑ Mohan M, Herz HM, Shilatifard A (April 2012). "SnapShot: Histone lysine methylase complexes". Cell. 149 (2): 498–498.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.025. PMC   3711870 . PMID   22500810.
  18. 1 2 Shulha HP, Cheung I, Whittle C, Wang J, Virgil D, Lin CL, et al. (March 2012). "Epigenetic signatures of autism: trimethylated H3K4 landscapes in prefrontal neurons". Archives of General Psychiatry. 69 (3): 314–24. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.151. PMID   22065254.
  19. 1 2 Huang HS, Matevossian A, Whittle C, Kim SY, Schumacher A, Baker SP, et al. (October 2007). "Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia involves mixed-lineage leukemia 1-regulated histone methylation at GABAergic gene promoters". The Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (42): 11254–62. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3272-07.2007. PMC   6673022 . PMID   17942719.
  20. ↑ Shen E, Shulha H, Weng Z, Akbarian S (September 2014). "Regulation of histone H3K4 methylation in brain development and disease". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369 (1652): 20130514. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0514. PMC   4142035 . PMID   25135975.
  21. ↑ Booth LN, Brunet A (2016). "The Aging Epigenome". Molecular Cell . 62 (5): 728–744. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.013. PMC   4917370 . PMID   27259204.
  22. ↑ Guenther MG, Jenner RG, Chevalier B, Nakamura T, Croce CM, Canaani E, et al. (June 2005). "Global and Hox-specific roles for the MLL1 methyltransferase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (24): 8603–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8603G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503072102 . PMC   1150839 . PMID   15941828.
  23. 1 2 Andersson AK, Ma J, Wang J, Chen X, Gedman AL, Dang J, et al. (April 2015). "The landscape of somatic mutations in infant MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemias". Nature Genetics. 47 (4): 330–7. doi:10.1038/ng.3230. PMC   4553269 . PMID   25730765.
  24. ↑ Mendelsohn BA, Pronold M, Long R, Smaoui N, Slavotinek AM (August 2014). "Advanced bone age in a girl with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome and an exonic deletion in KMT2A (MLL)". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 164A (8): 2079–83. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36590. PMID   24818805. S2CID   20957397.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Yokoyama A, Wang Z, Wysocka J, Sanyal M, Aufiero DJ, Kitabayashi I, et al. (July 2004). "Leukemia proto-oncoprotein MLL forms a SET1-like histone methyltransferase complex with menin to regulate Hox gene expression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 24 (13): 5639–49. doi:10.1128/MCB.24.13.5639-5649.2004. PMC   480881 . PMID   15199122.
  26. ↑ Goto NK, Zor T, Martinez-Yamout M, Dyson HJ, Wright PE (November 2002). "Cooperativity in transcription factor binding to the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). The mixed lineage leukemia protein (MLL) activation domain binds to an allosteric site on the KIX domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (45): 43168–74. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207660200 . PMID   12205094.
  27. ↑ Ernst P, Wang J, Huang M, Goodman RH, Korsmeyer SJ (April 2001). "MLL and CREB bind cooperatively to the nuclear coactivator CREB-binding protein". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (7): 2249–58. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.7.2249-2258.2001. PMC   86859 . PMID   11259575.
  28. 1 2 Xia ZB, Anderson M, Diaz MO, Zeleznik-Le NJ (July 2003). "MLL repression domain interacts with histone deacetylases, the polycomb group proteins HPC2 and BMI-1, and the corepressor C-terminal-binding protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (14): 8342–7. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.8342X. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1436338100 . PMC   166231 . PMID   12829790.
  29. ↑ Fair K, Anderson M, Bulanova E, Mi H, Tropschug M, Diaz MO (May 2001). "Protein interactions of the MLL PHD fingers modulate MLL target gene regulation in human cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (10): 3589–97. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.10.3589-3597.2001. PMC   100280 . PMID   11313484.
  30. ↑ Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ, et al. (October 1999). "Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (10): 7050–60. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.7050. PMC   84700 . PMID   10490642.

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