List of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia

Last updated October 08, 2025

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

Asia here is considered to be approximately delimited from Oceania by the Weber Line in Wallacea located east of the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, the Sula Archipelago, East Nusa Tenggara, and Barat Daya; from Europe by Anatolia at the border between the Kocaeli and Istanbul Provinces, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Kara Sea, and the Turkish Aegean Islands; from Africa by the Red Sea, Suez Canal, and Gulf of Aden; and from North America by the Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait, and Bering Sea (along the Baker-Shevardnadze line).

Ethnic groups

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.^[1]^[2]


Ethnicity	Language(s)	Primary homeland	Subgroups, tribes & castes	Religion(s)
Abkhazians	Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz	Georgia (Abkhazia)^{[note 1]}	Sadz, Afro-Abkhazians, Byzb, Abzhui, Samurzakan	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Abkhazian Orthodoxy Islam → Sunnism
Acehnese	Austronesian → Chamic → Acehnese	Indonesia (Aceh)		Islam → Sunnism
Adi	Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Adi, Padam, Bori	India (Arunachal Pradesh), China (Tibet)	Padam, Bori	Donyi-Polo; Christianity; Buddhism
Afghan Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Afghan Tatar Indo-European → Iranian → Dari, Pashto Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen	Afghanistan (Afghan Turkestan)		Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism
Afro-Turks	Various African languages → Forced loss of languages due to slavery in the Ottoman Empire Turkish (adopted language)	Turkey		Islam
Ahoms	Kra–Dai → Tai → Ahom ^{[note 2]}	India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh)		Hinduism, Ahom religion
Aimaq	Indo-European → Iranian → Aimaq	Afghanistan	Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi, Jamshidi, Aimaq Kipchaks, Timuri, Taymani	Islam → Sunni Islam
Ainus	Ainu → Hokkaido Ainu Historically Ainu → Sakhalin Ainu, Kuril Ainu	Japan (Hokkaido, Tōhoku region), Russia (Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula, Khabarovsk Krai), Kuril Islands (Russia or Japan)	Hokkaido Ainus (including Ishikari Ainus, Menasunkur Ainus, Sumunkur Ainus, and Uchiura Ainus), Tokyo Ainus, Sakhalin Ainus, Russian Ainus	Animism → Ainu folk religion Buddhism → Nichiren Shōshū Shinto Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Akha	Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Akha	China (Pu'er and Xishuangbanna)^{[note 3]}	Akeu ^{[ citation needed ]}	Animism
Akhvakhs	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh	Azerbaijan (Zagatala District)		Islam
Alavi Bohras	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati → Lisan ud-Dawat	India (Gujarat)		Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism
Aleuts	Eskaleut → Aleut	Aleutian Islands (Russia)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Altaians	Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai	Russia (Altai Republic and Altai Krai), Mongolia (Altai Mountains), China (Altay Prefecture)		Altai faith
Alyutors	Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Alyutor	Russia (Koryak Okrug)		Shamanism; Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Amis	Austronesian → Formosan → Amis	Taiwan (Taitung and Hualien Counties)		Animism, Christianity
Aneuk Jamee	Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau → Aneuk Jamee ^{[note 4]}	Indonesia (Aceh)		Islam
Anglo-Burmese	Indo-European → Germanic → English Sino-Tibetan → Lolo-Burmese → Burmese Sino-Tibetan → Karenic → Karen	Myanmar		Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Anglicanism Buddhism
Anglo-Indians	Indo-Europeans → Germanic → English	India	Significant populations Bangladesh	Christianity
Antiochian Greek Christians	Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic Historically Indo-European → Hellenic ^{[note 5]}	Levant (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Turkey (Hatay))	Jerusalemite Greek Christians	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy Christianity → Catholicism → Melkite Catholicism
Arabs	Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic ^{[note 5]} Arab Sign languages ^{[note 5]} Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Kafr Qasem Sign Historically Afroasiatic → Arabic → Shirvani Arabic	West Asia (especially the Arabian Peninsula ^[3] and Syrian Desert),^[4]	Bedouins (including Palestinian Bedouins (including Jahalin Bedouins, Negev Bedouins (including Al-Sayyid Bedouins and Hanajira), Galilee Bedouins, Ta'amreh), Tarabin Bedouins, Bedul, Beni Ades, Liyathnah), Israeli Arabs, Palestinians (including Palestinian Christians, Palestinian Baháʼís, Palestinian Muslims (including Palestinian Metawalis), Palestinian Bedouins, and Afro-Palestinians), Egyptian Arabs, Iranian Arabs (including Khuzestani Arabs, Khorasani Arabs, Huwalas, and Khamseh Arabs), Marsh Arabs, Arab Christians,^[5] Alawites, Druze,^[6] Hadharem, Mhallami, Baharna (including in Kuwait) Arab-Persians, diaspora populations (including the Palestinian diaspora) in the Caucasus, Turkey, Pakistan (including Palestinians), India, the Philippines	Islam
Aranadans	Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Eranadan	India (Kerala)		Hinduism
Armenians	Indo-European → Armenian ^{[note 5]} Armenian Sign Historically Harsneren	Armenian highlands (Armenia, Turkey (Western Armenia)),^{[note 6]} Azerbaijan, Georgia	Turkish Armenians (including Armenians in Istanbul, Hemshin, and Hidden Armenians), Armeno-Tats, Zoks, Hayhurum, Karabakhis and historically Udis and Turkic peoples who adhered to the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with significant populations in Cyprus, Georgia (including Samtskhe–Javakheti, Abkhazia, and Tbilisi), Azerbaijan, (including Baku), Egypt, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iran, Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Jordan, China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Singapore, Israel and Palestine	Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism
Assamese	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Assamese Historically Sino-Tibetan → Chutia	India (Assam)	Assamese Brahmins, Kalitas, Kaibartas, Assamese Muslims, Chutias	Hinduism
Assyrians	Afro-Asiatic → Semitic → Aramaic ^{[note 5]}	Assyrian homeland (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey)	Assyrian tribes, Citadel Christians, Mhallami	Christianity → Syriac Christianity
Asurs	Austroasiatic → Munda → Asur–Birjia ^{[note 5]}	India (Bihar, Jharkhand)	Bir, Asur, Birjia, Agaria	Animism and Hinduism → Asur religion
Atayals	Austronesian → Formosan → Atayal Japonic → Japanese-based creole → Yilan Creole Japanese	Taiwan		Animism, Christianity
Ati	Ati language	Philippines (Western Visayas)		Animism; Christianity
Atoni	Austronesian → Timoric → Uab Meto, Amarasi	Indonesia (West Timor), East Timor (Oecusse)	Amarasi	Christianity
Avars	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi	Azerbaijan (Balakan, Zagatala), Turkey, Georgia	Archis, Kvareli Avars	Islam → Sunni Islam
Awadhis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Awadhi	India (Awadh)		Hinduism
Äynu	Turkic and Indo-European → Uyghur and Persian → Äynu Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur	China (Xinjiang)		Islam → Shi'ism → Alevism
Azerbaijanis	Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri,^{[note 5]} Afshar, Turkmen → Ersari Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign	Azerbaijan, Iran (Iranian Azerbaijan), Armenia, Turkmenistan (Balkan Region, Lebap Region), Uzbekistan (Bukhara Region)	Ayrums, Baharlu, Bayat, Karadaghis, Qajars, Kuresunni, Padar, Qarapapaqs, Shahsevan, Karapapakhs, Yeraz, Dagestani Azerbaijanis, Afshar (including Javanshir Qizilbash, Urmian Afshars), Iranian Azeris, along with significant populations in Georgia, and historically Armenia	Islam → Shi'ism
Badagas	Dravidian → Badaga–Kannada → Badaga	India (Nilgiris district)		Hinduism
Bahnar	Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Bahnar	Vietnam (Central Highlands)		Animism
Bai	Sino-Tibetan → Macro-Bai → Bai ^{[note 5]}	China (Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Bijie, Sangzhi County)		Buddhism; Benzhuism; Taoism
Bakarwal	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari → Bakarwal	India or Pakistan (Kashmir)		Islam
Balinese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Balinese	Indonesia (Bali)	Bali Aga	Hinduism → Balinese Hinduism
Balochs	Indo-European → Iranian → Balochi	Balochistan (Pakistan (Balochistan), Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan), Afghanistan (Balochistan))	Askani, Bajkani, Bangulzai, Barazani, Bhurgari, Bugti, Buledi, Chandio, Darzada, Dehwar, Dodai, Dombki, Gabol, Ghazini, Jatoi, Kalmati, Khetran, Kunara, Langhani, Lango, Lashkrani, Loharani, Lund, Marri, Mazari, Mengal, Mirali, Mugheri, Muhammad Shahi, Mullazai, Nothazai, Pitafi, Qaisrani, Rind, Sadozai, Sethwi, Shaikhzadah, Talpur, Tauki, Umrani, Yarahmadzai, Zardari, Makrani, Punjabi Balochs, Sindhi Balochs, Uttar Pradeshi Baluchs, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates (including Al Balushi), Iran	Islam → Sunni Islam
Baltis	Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Balti	Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan)		Islam → Shi'ism
Bamars	Sino-Tibetan → Burmish → Burmese ^{[note 5]} Historically Sino-Tibetan → Burmish → Hpon	Myanmar	Bamars proper, Taungyo, Yaw, Yabein, Anglo-Burmese	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism; Burmese folk religion
Banjara	Indo-European → Rajasthani → Lambadi	India (Mewar)		Hinduism
Banjars	Austronesian → Malayic → Banjarese	Indonesia (South Kalimantan)		Islam → Sunnism
Bataks	Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Batak ^{[note 5]}	Indonesia (North Sumatra)	Angkola, Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, Toba, Alas, Kluet, Singkil	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism Islam → Sunnism Malim, Pemena
Bazigar	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bazigar	India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan), Pakistan (Punjab)		Hinduism
Bengalis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bengali, Sylheti, Chittagonian, Noakhali Indo-Pakistani–Nepali Sign → Indo-Pakistani Sign → Bengali Sign ^{[note 5]}	Bengal (Bangladesh, India)	Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus (including Mahishyas), Bengali Buddhists, Bengali Christians, Bangals (including Chittagonians, Sylhetis, Dhakaiyas (including Mahifarash), Noakhalis), Ghotis (including Muslim Ghosi, Lodha Muslims), Shershabadia, Mahimal	Islam → Sunnism Hinduism → Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Hindu atheism Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism Buddhism → Theravada
Betawis	Austronesian → Malay-based creole → Betawi	Indonesia (Jakarta)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Bhils	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhil ^{[note 5]}	India (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)	Barda, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Bhil Gametia, Bhil Garasia, Bhil Kataria, Bhil Mama, Bhil Mavchi, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Damor, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Nirdhi Bhil, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Vasava, Bhil Meena, Chaudhri, Bagdi	Hinduism
Bhojpuris	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Bhojpuri	India, Nepal	Paswan, Teli	Hinduism, Jainism
Bhumijs	Austroasiatic → Munda → Bhumij ^{[note 7]}	India (West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand)		Sarnaism
Bicolanos	Austronesian → Philippine → Bikol ^{[note 5]}	Philippines (Bicol Region)	Central Bikol, Sorsoganons, Catandunganons, Rinconada, Albayanon	Christianity → Catholicism
Bidayuh	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Land Dayak ^{[note 5]}	Malaysia (Sarawak)	Kendayan, Selako, Bakatiʼ, Sara Bakati', Laraʼ, Bukar–Sadong, Biatah, Tringgus, Jagoi, Jangkang, Kembayan, Semandang, Ribun, Nyaduʼ, Sanggau	Christianity
Bimanese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polyneisan → Bima	Indonesia (Sumbawa)		Islam
Bisayas	Austronesian → Dusunic → Sabah Bisaya, Brunei Bisaya	Brunei, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)	Sabah Bisaya, Brunei Bisaya	Islam, Christianity
Bishnupriyas	Indo-European → Bengali-based creole → Bishnupriya Manipuri	India (Manipur), Bangladesh		Hinduism → Vaishnavism
Blaan	Austronesian → Philippine → Blaan	Philippines (Soccsksargen)		Anitism
Boro	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Boro	India (Bodoland)	Mech	Bathouism, Hinduism
Bouyei	Kra–Dai → Tai → Bouyei	China (Guizhou)		Moism
Brahuis	Dravidian → Northern Dravidian → Brahui	Pakistan (Balochistan)	Raisani, Jhalawan, Sarawan, Mengal (including Zagar and Zakria Zae), Sasoli	Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi
Bru	Austroasiatic → Katuic → Bru	Laos (Savannakhet province), Vietnam (Quảng Binh and Quảng Trị provinces)		Satsana Phi, Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Budukhs	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Budukh	Azerbaijan (Buduq)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Buginese	Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Buginese	Indonesia (South Sulawesi)		Islam, Christianity, folk religion
Bunak	Trans–New Guinea → Timor–Alor–Pantar → Bunak	Indonesia (West Timor), East Timor		Christianity → Catholicism
Bunun	Austronesian → Bunun	Taiwan (Nantou)		Animism, Christianity
Burushos	Burushaski	Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan)		Islam → Shi'ism → Isma'ilism
Buryats	Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Buryat,^{[note 5]} Khalkha → Sartul, Tsongol	Russia (Buryatia), China (Inner Mongolia), Mongolia	Barga	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism; Shamanism → Mongolian shamanism; Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Butonese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Buton,^{[note 5]} Wolio	Indonesia (Buton)		Islam
Chaharmahali Turks	Turkic → Oghuz → Chaharmahali Turkic	Iran (Chaharmahal)		Islam → Shi'ism → Twelver Shi'ism
Chakmas	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Chakma	Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts)		Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Chams	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Chamic ^{[note 5]}	Champa (Cambodia, Vietnam), China (Hainan)	Churu, Jarai, Rade, Raglai, Utsuls	Islam → Sunnism, Shi'ism → Bani Islam Hinduism
Chechens	Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen	Georgia (Pankisi, Kakheti, Tusheti), Turkey (Muş Province), Iraq (Sulaymaniyah Governorate)	Kists, Chechen Kurds, Terloys, other teips with significant populations in Jordan, Syria, Turkey	Islam → Sunnism Historically Vainakh religion
Chelkans	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai → Chelkan	Russia (Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy Burkhanism, Shamanism
Chepang	Sino-Tibetan → Chepangic → Chepang	Nepal		Hinduism
Chinese Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Chinese Tatar Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Mandarin	China (Xinjiang)		Islam → Sunnism
Cho Ro	Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Chrau	Vietnam, (Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Ba Ria-Vung Tau)		Animism Buddhism → Theravada
Cholanaikkans	Dravidian → South Dravidian I → Cholanaikkan	India (Kerala)		Animism
Chuanqing	Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Mandarin Chinese → Southwestern Mandarin	China (Guizhou)		Ethnic religion
Chukchis	Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Chukchi	Russia (Chukchia, Sakha Republic, Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Shamanism
Chulyms	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Chulym	Russia (Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Chuvans	Indo-European → Slavic → Russian; Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Chukchi; historically Yukaghir → Chuvan	Russia (Chukotka)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Cina Kampung ^[7]	Kra–Dai, Austronesian, and Sino-Tibetan → Southern Thai, Kelantan–Pattani Malay, and Hokkien → Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien	Malaysia (Kelantan)		Buddhism and Chinese folk religion → Theravada and Chinese ancestor worship → Cina Kampung religion
Cirebonese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Javanese → Cirebonese	Indonesia (Cirebon)		Islam
Copts	Afroasiatic → Egyptian → Coptic,^{[note 8]} Egyptian Sign	Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)	Coptic diaspora	Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Coptic Orthodoxy Christianity → Catholicism → Eastern Catholicism → Coptic Catholicism Christianity → Protestantism → Coptic Presbyterianism Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Damia	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dameli	Pakistan (Chitral District)		Islam
Daurs	Mongolic → Dagur	China (Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang)		Shamanism
Dawoodi Bohra	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati → Lisan ud-Dawat	India, Pakistan		Islam → Shia → Isma'ilism → Tayyibi Isma'ilism
Deccanis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Deccani	India (Deccan)	Hyderabadi Muslims	Islam → Sunnism → Sufism Islam → Shi'ism → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism
Dhimal	Sino-Tibetan → Dhimalish → Dhimal	Nepal		Hinduism, Kiratism
Dogras	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dogri	India (Jammu Division)		Hinduism
Dolan	Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur	China (Xinjiang)	Awat Dolan, Yarkand Dolan, Tarim Dolan, Lop Nur Dolan	Islam → Sunni Islam
Dolgans	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Dolgan	Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism
Doms	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Domari, Garachi	Azerbaijan, Middle East	Garachi, with significant populations in Egypt, Israel, Libya, Syria	Islam, Judaism
Dongxiangs	Mongolic → Shirongolic → Santa	China, (Gansu)		Islam → Sunnism
Druze	Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic DGSic → Israeli Sign Arab Sign languages → Iraqi–Levantine → Levantine Arabic Sign	Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan)	Lebanese Druze, Syrian Druze, Israeli Druze, Jordanian Druze	Druzism ^[8]^[9]
Dubla	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Dubli ^{[note 9]}	India (Gujarat)		Hinduism
Dukha	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Dukhan	Mongolia (Khövsgöl Province)		Shamanism → Dukha indigenous religion
East Indian Catholics	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → East Indian Marathi	India (Seven Islands of Bombay)		Christianity → Catholicism → Latin Catholicism
Enets	Uralic → Samoyedic → Enets ^{[note 5]}	Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)		Shamanism
Eurasian Singaporeans	Indo-European → Germanic → English	Singapore		Christianity
Evenks	Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Evenki	Russia, China		Shamanism
Evens	Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Even Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut Historically Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Arman	Russia (Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Sakha)	Tungus, Tiugesir, Memel', Buiaksir, Arman	Shamanism
Fuyu Kyrgyz	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Fuyu Kyrgyz	China (Fuyu County)		Buddhism → Vajrayana → Tibetan Buddhism
Gaddang	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Gaddang ^{[note 10]}	Philippines (Cagayan Valley, Cordillera Administrative Region)^[10]	Ga'dang, Gaddang proper, Yogad, Maddukayang, Katalangan, Iraya	Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism ^[11]
Garhwalis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Garhwali	India (Uttarakhand)		Hinduism
Garos	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Garo	India (Garo Hills)		Christianity, Songsarek
Gayonese	Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Gayo	Indonesia (Bener Meriah, Central Aceh, and Gayo Lues Regencies)		Islam
Gelao	Kra–Dai → Kra → Gelao ^{[note 5]}^{[note 11]}	China (Guizhou)		Taoism, Buddhism
Georgians	Kartvelian languages ^{[note 5]} Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Bats Georgian Sign	Georgia, Azerbaijan (Saingilo), Turkey (Black Sea region, Marmara region, Eastern Anatolia region)	Adjarians, Bats,^{[note 12]} Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians, Chveneburi, with significant populations in Turkey (including Chveneburi and Imerkhevians) and Iran	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy
Ghorbati	Indo-European → Iranian → Persian, Ghorbati ^{[note 5]}	Central Asia	Mugats	Islam → Shia Islam
Gilaks	Indo-European → Iranian → Gilaki	Iran (Gilan)		Islam → Twelver Shi’ism
Goan Catholics	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani → Goan Konkani	India (Goa)		Christianity → Catholicism
Gonds	Dravidian → Gondi ^{[note 5]}^{[note 13]}	India (Gondwana)	Godha, Madia Gonds, Muria, Koya	Hinduism, Koyapunem
Gorontalo	Austronesian → Philippine → Gorontaloan Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Gorontalo Malay	Indonesia (Gorontalo)	Polahi	Islam → Sunni Islam
Great Andamanese	Great Andamanese ^{[note 5]}	India (Great Andaman)		Animism
Greeks	Indo-European → Hellenic;^{[note 5]} Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka Cypriot Sign	Cyprus, Turkey (Cappadocia, Pontus, Istanbul), Egypt, the Caucasus, and surrounding regions	Greek Cypriots (including Greek Northern Cypriots), Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks (including Georgian Urums), Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites, Ionian Greeks), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades, Cretan Muslims), Phanariots, Egyptian Greeks (including Alexandrian Greeks), Caucasus Greeks (including Tsalka Urums), Sfakians, along with significant populations in Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Egypt	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries
Gujarati	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati	India (Gujarat)	Koli, Bharwad, Khoja, Patidar, Sunni Bohra, Lohana, Vagri, Kharva, Charan, Baria, Momna, Ghanchi, Shenva, Bhambi Khalpa, Zarabes, Bhoi, Padhar, Gujarati Americans	Hinduism, Islam, Jainism
Gurjars	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujari	Pakistan, India, Afghanistan	Khatana, Solanki, Parihar, Tanwar, Parmar, chandel, Chauhan, Bhadana, Kohli, Tomar, Panwar, Pawar, Bainsla, Bagri, Hans, etc.	Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism
Gurungs	Sino-Tibetan → Gurung	Nepal, India (Sikkim, West Bengal)		Buddhism → Vajrayana → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon, Hinduism
Han Chinese	Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese ^{[note 5]} CSLic languages ^{[note 5]} JSLic → Taiwan Sign Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manglish, Singlish, Hong Kong English Austronesian → Malayic → Bazaar Malay → Baba Malay Austronesian → Murutic–Papar–Tatana → Tatana historically Sino-Tibetan → Chinese → Ba–Shu Indo-European → Germanic → English → Chinese Pidgin English Indo-European → Slavic → Russian → Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin	China, Taiwan, Singapore, Myanmar (Kokang), Malaysia (Labuan, Sabah)	Subei, Yue (including Cantonese, Punti, Taishanese (including Taishanese Hongkongers), Hongkongers (including Punti), Macau), Tankas (including Fuzhou Tankas), Màirén, Hui (including Panthays), Fujianese (including Fuzhounese, Hoklos, Hui'an maidens, Putianese, Fujianese Hongkongers, and Teochew), Gaoshan Han, Gan, Tunbao, Pinghua (including Northern Pinghua and Southern Pinghua), Hakka (including Ngái (including Dan)), Hainanese, Hebei, Hunanese, Jianghuai, Shandong, Sichuanese, Wu (including Shanghainese, Ningbonese, and Wenzhounese), Kokang Chinese, Han Taiwanese (including Hoklo Taiwanese, Hakka Taiwanese, Waishengren), Sino-Singaporeans (including Straits Chinese), Chin Haw, Hwagyo, Zhongum), along with significant populations in Mongolia, Malaysia (including Penangite Chinese, Straits Chinese, Sino-Natives (including Tatanas), and Peranakans (including Baba-Nyonya and Kiau–Seng)), Thailand, Indonesia (including Benteng), Myanmar, the Philippines (including Sangleys), Vietnam (including Chinese Nùng and Ngai (including Dan)), Japan, Russia (including Taz), Korea (including North Korea and South Korea), India (including Zhongum), Laos, Cambodia (including Teochew, Cantonese Cambodians, Hainanese Cambodians, Hoklos, and Hakkas), Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt	Chinese folk religion, Buddhism → Chinese Buddhism, Taoism, Irreligion (see also Religion in China and Religion in Taiwan)
Hani	Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Hani	China (Yunnan)		Animism
Ḫawlan bin ʾAmir	Afroasiatic → Sayhadic → Razihi, Faifi	Yemen (Saada Governorate), Saudi Arabia (Fifa Mountains)	Razihis, Faifis	Islam → Shia Islam → Zaydism
Hazaras	Indo-European → Iranian → Hazaragi	Afghanistan (Hazarajat)		Islam
Helong ^{[note 14]}^[12]	Austronesian → Timoric → Helong	Indonesia (Kupang Regency, Semau, Flores)		Christianity
Hindustani	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani ^{[note 5]}^{[note 15]}, Rajasthani ^{[note 5]}, Bihari ^{[note 5]}, Central Pahari ^{[note 5]}	Hindustani Belt , Pakistan, Deccan, Old Dhaka	Urdu-speaking people, Hindi-speaking people, Rajasthanis, Biharis	Hinduism, Islam
Hmong	Hmong–Mien → Hmongic ^{[note 5]}	China (Guizhou)^{[note 16]}	A-Hmao, Gha-Mu, Xong, Pa-Hng	Hmong folk religion
Iban	Austronesian → Malayic → Iban	Malaysia (Sarawak)	Mualang	Christianity
Ibanag	Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Ibanag	Philippines (Isabela, Cagayan)		Christianity → Catholicism
Igorot	Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran ^{[note 5]}	Philippines (Cordillera Administrative Region)	Balangao, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao (including Kalanguya), Isnag, Kalinga, Kankanaey	Anitism
Ili Turks	Turkic → Karluk → Ili Turki	China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture), Kazakhstan		Islam → Sunni Islam
Ilocano	Austronesian → Philippine → Ilocano	Philippines (Ilocos Region)		Christianity → Catholicism
Indos	Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch; Austronesian → Malayic → Indonesian–Malaysian Malay → Indonesian	Indonesia		Christianity
Indus Kohistanis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Indus Kohistani	Pakistan (Kohistan)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Iranis	Indo-European → Iranian → Zoroastrian Dari	India		Zoroastrianism
Iranun	Austronesian → Philippine → Iranun	Philippines (Mindanao)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Itawes	Austronesian → Philippine → Cordilleran → Itawis	Philippines (Cagayan Valley)		Christianity → Catholicism
Itelmens	Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Kamchatkan → Itelmen	Russia (Kamchatka Peninsula)		Shamanism
Ivatans	Austronesian → Philippine → Ivatan	Philippines (Batanes)		Christianity → Catholicism
Jadgals	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Jadgali	Balochistan (Pakistan, Iran), Oman	Sardarzahi, Bizenjo, Zehri, Sasoli, Mengal, Mir, Hoot	Islam → Sunni Islam
Jambian	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Jambian	Indonesia (Jambia)	Batin	Sunni Islam
Japanese/Yamato	Japonic → Japanese,^{[note 5]}^{[note 18]} Hachijō JSLic → Japanese Sign Miyakubo Sign Language	Japan	Kantō, Kansai, Hokkaido, Tōhoku, Hōnichi, Hichiku, Satsugū, Chūgoku, Umpaku, Echigo, Tōkai, Shinshuu, Hokuriku, Hachijō, Miyakubo, Tsugaru, and Nikkei Brazilians in Japan, along with significant populations in Russia, China (including Hong Kong), Turkey, Egypt, India, Indonesia, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, and the Philippines.	Irreligion, Shinto, Tenrikyo, Buddhism;^{[note 19]} Christianity → Catholicism → Kakure and Hanure Krishitanity
Jarai	Austronesian → Chamic → Jarai	Vietnam (Central Highlands)		Animism
Jarawas	Ongan → Jarawa	India (South Andaman, Middle Andaman)		Animism
Javanese	Austronesian → Javanese ^{[note 5]}	Indonesia (Java)	Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Banyumasan, Mataram, along with significant populations in Malaysia, Indonesians in Singapore (over 60% of Singaporean Malays are of Javanese descent),^[19] Suriname, China, Sri Lanka, French Guiana, New Caledonia, and Saudi Arabia	Islam → Sunni Islam; Sunni Islam + Hinduism + Buddhism + Animism → Kejawèn
Jeks	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Jek; Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri	Azerbaijan (Mount Shahdagh)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Jews	Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew ^{[note 20]} Jewish languages,^{[note 5]}^{[note 21]} DGSic → Israeli Sign	Israel ^{[note 22]}	Ashkenazim (including Udmurt and Tatar Jews), Assyrian Jews, Sephardim (including Eastern Sephardim, Paradesi, Meshuchrarim), Mizrahim (including Bukharim, Juhurim, Kurdim, Lakhloukh Jews, Syrian Jews, Arab Jews (including Banu al-Harith), Afghan Jews, Baghdadi Jews, Teimanim (including Rechabites, Baladi Jews, Shami Jews, and Rambamists), Sharʿabi Jews, Habbanim, Adeni Jews, Persim, Mashhadi Jews, and Kaifeng Jews), Romaniotes, Constantinopolitan Karaites, Bavlim, Gruzim, Bene Israel, Banu Israil, Kochinim, Israeli Jews, B'nai Moshe, Bnei Menashe, Desi Jews, Levites (including Kohen, Urfalim), Bene Ephraim, along with significant populations in Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, India (including Sephardim)	Judaism
Jingpo	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Jingpho	China (Yunnan), India (Northeast India), Myanmar (Kachin State)		Animism
Kadazan–Dusun	Austronesian → Southwest Sabahan → Dusunic ^{[note 5]}	Malaysia (Sabah)	Kadazan, Dusun, Dumpas, Ida'an, Kwijau, Lotud, Mangka'ak, Maragang, Minokok, Orang Sungai, Rumanau, Rungus, Tambanuo	Christianity, Momolianism
Kalash	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kalasha	Pakistan (Chitral District)		Kalasha
Kalmyks	Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Sart Kalmyk	Kyrgyzstan (Issyk-Kul Region)	Sart Kalmyks	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Kangeanese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polyesian → Kangeanese	Indonesia (Kangean Islands)	Kangean, Paliat, Sepanjang, Sabunten, Saobi	Islam → Sunni Islam
Kannadigas	Dravidian → Kannadoid → Kannada	India (Karnataka)	Vokkaliga	Hinduism, Jainism
Kapampangans	Austronesian → Philippine → Kapampangan	Philippines (Pampanga)		Christianity → Catholicism, Iglesia ni Cristo, Anitism
Karakalpaks	Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak	Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan)	Qon'ırat, On To'rt Urıw	Islam → Sunni Islam
Karbi	Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Karbic ^{[note 5]}	India (Assam, Meghalaya)	Hills Karbi, Amri Karbi	Hinduism, Animism, Christianity
Karen	Sino-Tibetan → Karenic ^{[note 5]}	Myanmar (Karen State, Kayah State, Pa'O Self-Administered Zone), Thailand	S'gaw Karen, Pwo Karen, Karenni (including Kayan), Pa'O	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Kashmiris	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kashmiri	Kashmir (India, Pakistan)	Kashmiri Hindus (including Kashmiri Pandits), Punjabi Kashmiris	Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism
Kazakhs	Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign	Kazakhstan	Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz. Significant populations in China, Iran, and Russia	Islam → Sunni Islam
Kemak	Austronesian → Timoric → Kemak	Timor (West Timor Timor-Leste)		Folk religion, Christianity
Kereks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Kerek	Russia (Chukotka)		Shamanism
Kerinci	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Kerinci	Indonesia (Kerincia)		Sunni Islam
Ket	Yeniseian → Northern Yeniseian → Ket	Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai)		Shamanism
Khakas	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Khakas	Russia (Khakassia)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Shamanism → Tengrism
Khalaj	Turkic → Common Turkic → Khalaj	Iran		Islam → Shia Islam
Khanty	Uralic → Khanty ^{[note 5]}	Russia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism → Bear worship
Khas	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nepali	Nepal, India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal)	Chhetri, Thakuri, Rana, Vaisya, Kami, Damai, Sarki, Sunar, Gandarbha	Hinduism
Khasi	Austroasiatic → Khasi–Palaungic → Khasic ^{[note 5]}	India (Meghalaya)	Pnar	Christianity
Khinalugs	Northeast Caucasian → Khinalug	Azerbaijan (Khinalug)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Khmer	Austroasiatic → Khmer ^{[note 5]}	Cambodia, Vietnam (Southeast region, Mekong Delta region), Thailand (Eastern Thailand, Isan), Laos (Champasak province)	Northern Khmer people, Khmer Krom, Cardamom Khmers, Khmer Khe	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Khonds	Dravidian → Kui	India (Kandhamal)		Hinduism
Khorasani Turks	Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic	Iran (Khorasan), Turkmenistan		Islam → Shia Islam
Kirantis	Sino-Tibetan → Kiranti ^{[note 5]}	Nepal (Eastern Region)	Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha (including Athpare), Rai (including Kulung, Bantawa, and Bahing)	Kirat Mundhum
Koches	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Koch	India (Assam, Meghalaya), northern Bangladesh		Animism
Kodava	Dravidian → Tamil–Kodava–Urali → Kodava	India (Kodagu, Bangalore, Mysore)		Hinduism
Konda Reddis	Dravidian → South-Central Dravidian → Telugu	India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu)		Hinduism
Konkani	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani	India (Konkan)		Hinduism
Koreans	Koreanic languages ^{[note 5]} JSLic → Korean Sign	Korea (North Korea, South Korea), China (Jilin, Xi'an District)	North Koreans (including in South Korea), South Koreans, Jeju Islanders, Koryo-saram, Sakhalin Koreans, Zainichi Koreans, Chaoxianzu (including in Japan and Korea) and along with significant populations in Russia (including North Koreans, Koryo-saram, and Sakhalin Koreans), China, Japan (including Zainichi Koreans and Chaoxianzu), Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia, Iran, Nepal, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, India, the Arab world	Christianity^{[note 23]} → Protestantism, Catholicism Buddhism → Mahayana Buddhism → Korean Buddhism Korean shamanism, Cheondoism, Unification Church, Juche
Koryaks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan → Chukotkan → Koryak	Russia (Koryak Okrug)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Shamanism
Kristang	Indo-European → Portuguese-based creole → Kristang	Malaysia, Singapore		Christianity → Catholicism
Kryts	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Kryts	Azerbaijan		Islam → Sunnism
Kumandins	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Northern Altai → Kumandy	Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Kumaonis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kumaoni	India (Uttarakhand (Kumaon)), Nepal (Doti)	Johari, Askoti, Bhabhri, Danpuriya, Gangoli, Khasparjiya, Kumaiyya, Pachhai, Phaldakotiya, Rhau-Chaubyansi, Sirali, Soriyali	Hinduism, Buddhism
Kumzari	Indo-European → Iranian → Kumzari	Oman (Kumzar)		Islam → Ibadism, Sunnism
Kurds	Indo-European → Iranian → Kurdish,^{[note 5]} Zaza–Gorani ^{[note 5]} Turkic → Oghuz → Khorasani Turkic Kurdish Sign language	Kurdistan (Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey), South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia)	Bajalan, Zazas, Feylis, Iranian Laks,Mhallami, Chechen Kurds, Yazidis, Yarsanis, Kurdish Christians, Shabaks, Sheylanli, Chalabianlu, Muzuri, Caucasian Kurds, Khorasani Kurds along with significant populations in Iraq (including Yazidis), Iran, Syria (including Yazidis), Turkey (including Yazidis), Armenia (including Yazidis), Georgia (including Yazidis), Azerbaijan, Palestine, Kazakhstan	Islam → Sunni Islam → Sufism → Naqshbandi, Qadiriyya Islam → Alevism → Kurdish Alevism>br/> Yazidism, Yarsanism, Zoroastrianism
Kurukh	Dravidian → North Dravidian → Kurukh Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Oraon Sadri	India (Chota Nagpur Plateau)	Kisan	Sarnaism, Christianity, Hinduism
Kyrgyz	Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur → Akto Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Sart Kalmyk Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign ^[21]	Kyrgyzstan, China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan	Sart Kalmyks, Kyrgyzstani Kyrgyz, Uzbekistani Kyrgyz, Chinese Kyrgyz (including Akto Turkmen), significant populations in Turkey, Pakistan	Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi, Tengrism
Ladakhis	Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Ladakhi	India (Ladakh), China (Tibet), Pakistan (Baltistan)		Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Islam → Shia Islam, Hinduism
Lamaholot	Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Lamaholot	Indonesia (Solor)		Christianity → Catholicism
Lampungs	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Lampung	Indonesia (Lampung)		Islam
Lao	Kra–Dai → Tai → Lao, Isan	Laos, Thailand (Isan)	Isan, Lao Ga, Lao Krang, Lao Lom, Lao Loum, Lao Ngaew, Lao Song, Lao Ti, Lao Wiang	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism, Satsana Phi
Laz	Kartvelian → Zan → Laz ^{[note 24]}	Lazistan (Turkey, Georgia)	Turkish Laz, Georgian Laz	Islam → Sunnism
Lepchas	Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Lepcha	India (Sikkim, West Bengal), Nepal, Bhutan, China (Tibet)		Buddhism, Mun, Christianity
Lezgins	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian	Lezgistan (Azerbaijan)	Azerbaijani Lezgins	Islam → Sunni Islam
Lhoba	Sino-Tibetan → Adi, Bokar, Idu Mishmi ^{[note 25]}	China (Tibet), India (Arunachal Pradesh)	Nishi, Na, Galo, Mishmi people, Tagin, Adi	Animism, Buddhism, Christianity
Lhotshampa	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nepali	Bhutan		Hinduism, Buddhism
Li	Kra–Dai → Hlai ^{[note 5]}	China (Hainan)		Islam → Sunnism
Lisu	Sino-Tibetan → Loloish → Lisu	China, Myanmar	Lipo	Christianity → Protestantism → Lisu Christianity
Lodha	Austroasiatic → Munda → Lodhi	India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal)	Lodha Muslims	Hinduism, Islam
Lom	Indo-European → Armenian and Indo-Aryan → Lomavren Indo-European → Armenian	Armenia, Georgia, Turkey		Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Lori	Indo-European → Iranian → Balochi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saraiki	Balochistan (India, Pakistan)		Islam
Lubu	Austronesian → Malayic → Lubu	Indonesia (Sumatra)		Islam
Lurs	Indo-European → Iranian → Luri	Iran (Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces)	Bakhtiari, Iranian Laks	Islam → Shia Islam, Yarsanism
Luso-Indians	Indo-European → Portuguese-based creole → Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole, Korlai Portuguese Creole, Cochin Portuguese Creole Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Konkani, Gujarati Indo-European → Germanic → English	India (Goa, Gujarat, Mumbai, Vasai, Daman, Diu & Silvassa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka)		Christianity → Catholicism; Hinduism
Macanese	Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese → Macanese Patois, Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Cantonese	China (Macau)		Christianity → Catholicism
Madurese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polyesian → Madurese	Indonesia (Madura)^{[note 26]}	Boyanese	Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i
Magahi	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Magahi	India (Magadha)		Hinduism
Magars	Sino-Tibetan → Mahakiranti → Magaric ^{[note 5]}^{[note 27]} Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Kaike	Nepal, India, Bhutan	Various Magar clans Kham Magars, Kaike Magars	Hinduism, Buddhism
Maguindanao	Austronesian → Philippine → Maguindanao	Philippines (Maguindanao)		Islam
Mahar	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi	India (Maharashtra)		Buddhism → Navayana Buddhism
Maithils	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maithili	Mithila (India, Nepal)	Maithil Brahmins	Hinduism
Makassarese	Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Makassarese	Indonesia (South Sulawesi)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Malasar	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Malasar	India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)		Hinduism
Malayalis ^{[note 28]}	Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam	India (Kerala)	Ambalavasi, Dheevara, Nair, Paravar, Ezhava, Malabar Latin Catholics, Saint Thomas Christians along with significant populations in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity
Malayarayans	Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malaryan	India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)		Hinduism
Malays	Austronesian → Malayic → Malaysian–Indonesian Malay, Brunei Malay, Jambi Malay, Pahang Malay, Terengganu Malay, Kelantan-Pattani Malay, Kedah Malay, Reman Malay Francosign → ASLic → Malaysian Sign Austronesian → Malay Creole → Sri Lanka Malay	Malay world (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei)	Kedahans, Pattani, Pahang, Pontianaks, Terengganuarians, Kelantanese, Perakians, Berau, Loloan Malays, Proto-Malay (including Orang Kuala, Jakun, Orang Rimba, Orang Seletar, and Temuan) Cape Malays, Cocos Malays, Bangka Malays, Thai Malays, Burmese Malays, Sri Lanka Malays, Bruneians	Islam → Sunnism
Maldivians	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian	Maldives, India (Minicoy)	Mahls	Islam → Sunnism
Mambai	Austronesian → Timoric → Mambai	East Timor (Dili District)		Christianity → Catholicism
Manchus	Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Manchu ^{[note 29]}	Russia (Outer Manchuria), China (Inner Manchuria, Weichang, Fengning, Kuancheng, Qinglong-Manchuria)	Significant populations in Taiwan	Shamanism
Mandaeans	Afroasiatic → Semitic → Mandaic	Iraq (Dhi Qar Governorate, Maysan Governorate, Wasit Governorate, Basra Governorate, Baghdad Governorate), Iran (Khuzestan)		Mandaeism
Mandarese	Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Mandar	Indonesia (West Sulawesi)		Islam
Mangalorean Catholics	Indo-European languages → Indo-Aryan → Konkani	India (Karnataka)		Christianity → Catholicism
Manggarai	Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Manggarai	Indonesia (Manggarai)		Christianity
Malabar Muslims	Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam → Arabi Malayalam	India (Kerala, Lakshadweep)	Mappilas, Thangals, Baramis, Themims, Pusalars, Ossans, Koyas, Kerala Gulf diaspora	Islam → Sunnism
Mannan	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Mannan	India (Idukki district)		Hinduism
Mansi	Uralic → Mansi ^{[note 5]}	Russia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Shamanism → Bear worship
Maranao	Austronesian → Philippine → Maranao	Philippines (Lanao)		Islam
Marathi	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Marathi	India (Maharashtra)	Mahar, Maratha, Kunbi, Dhangar, Bhoi	Hinduism, Jainism
Mardijkers	Austronesian → Malayic → Betawi, Malay → Indonesian Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese	Indonesia (Jakarta)		Christianity
Maronites	Afroasiatic → Semitic → Lebanese Aramaic,^{[note 30]} Cypriot Arabic, Levantine Arabic	Levant, Cyprus	Significant populations in Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus and Israel along with the greater Lebanese diaspora	Christianity → Maronite Catholicism
Matagi	Japonic → Japanese → Tohoku → Matagi	Japan (Ani, Shirakami-Sanchi)		Animism
Mazandaranis	Indo-European → Iranian → Mazanderani	Iran (Mazandaran)		Islam → Shi'ism
Mehri	Afroasiatic → Eastern South Semetic → Mehri	Oman (Dhofar), Yemen (Al Mahrah Governorate, Socotra)		Islam
Meitei	Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Meitei	India (Manipur)	Loi	Hinduism → Vaishnavism
Melanau	Austronesian → Melanau–Kajang → Melanau ^{[note 5]}	Malaysia (Sarawak)		Islam
Mien	Hmong–Mien → Mienic ^{[note 5]} Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Badong Yao, Shaozhou Tuhua, Xiangnan Tuhua, Yeheni	China (Hunan, Guizhou), Vietnam	Iu Mien, Kim Mun, Dzao Min, Biao Min, Bunu, Lakkia, Biao Mon, San Diu	Yao folk religion
Minahasan	Austronesian → Philippine → Minahasan;^{[note 5]} Austronesian → Malay Creole → Manado Malay	Indonesia (Minahasa Peninsula)	Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu, Tonsea	Christianity → Protestantism
Minangkabau	Austronesian → Malayic → Minangkabau, → Negeri Sembilan Malay	Indonesia (Minangkabau Highlands), Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan)		Islam → Sunnism
Mising	Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Mising	India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh)		Donyi-Polo, Ekasarana Dharma
Moghols	Indo-European → Iranian → Dari Historically Mongolic → Moghol	Afghanistan	Nikudari	Islam → Sunnism
Moken	Austronesian → Moken	Thailand, Myanmar (Mergui Archipelago, Surin Islands)		Buddhism
Mon	Austroasiatic → Monic → Mon	Myanmar (Mon State)		Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Mongols	Mongolic languages ^{[note 5]} Sino-Tibetan → Lolo-Burmese → Katso Sino-Tibetan → Naic → Laze Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Mongolian Sign Historically Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur → Khoton Tungusic → Ewenic → Khamnigan Evenki	China (Inner Mongolia, Dorbetia, Bayingolin, Dzungaria, Subei-Mongolia, Santania, Kharchinia, Henan, Bortala, Hoboksar, Haixi, Qianguo, Fuxin, Weichang, Yunnan, Sichuan), Mongolia, Russia (Zabaykalsky Krai)	Khalkha (including Khotogoids, Eljigin), Oirats (including Manchurian Öelets,^[22] Dörbets, Zakhchins, Bayads, Olots, Altai Uriankhais), Hamnigan, Tsagaan, Khatso, Bonan, Sichuan Mongols, Sogwo Arig, Ordos, Darkhad, Kanja, Sogwo Arig, Mughals, Santa, Naimans, Dariganga, Khorchin, Kharchin, Koke Nuur, Chaharian, Jalairs, Gorlos, Sartuul, Myangad, Tubalar, Uzemchin, Uradian, Tumed, Baarins, Hishigten, Muumyangan, Jalaids, Abaganar, Chantuu, Sunud, Shar Darkhads, Eastern Dorbet, Aohans, Onnigud, Khoshut, Abagas, Khotons, Alasha, Khoid, Choros, Asud, with significant populations in India, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism
Mongondow	Austronesian → Philippine → Mongondow	Indonesia (Mongondowia)		Islam → Sunnism
Mosuo	Sino-Tibetan → Naish → Na	China (Sichuan and Yunnan)		Daba, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Mughals	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani Historically Indo-European → Iranian → Persian	India, Pakistan, Bangladesh		Islam
Muhajir	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Urdu	Pakistan		Islam → Sunnism
Munanese	Austronesian → Celebic → Munanese ^{[note 5]}	Indonesia (Muna Island)		Islam
Mundas	Austroasiatic → Munda → Mundari	India (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal)	Sabar, Mahali	Sarnaism
Murut	Austronesian → Southwest Sabahan → Murutic ^{[note 5]}	Malaysia (Murutia)	Okolod, Keningau, Tagal, Paluan, Selungai, Timugon, Serudung, Sembakung, Tidong, Kalabakan, Bulungan, Bookan	Christianity → Catholicism
Muthuvans	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Muthuvan	India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)		Hinduism
Nagas	Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga ^{[note 5]}^{[note 31]} Historically Angami Naga Sign	India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar (Naga Self-Administered Zone)	Angami, Ao, Chakhesang (including Chokri and Khezha), Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Mao, Maram, Maring, Nocte, Phom, Pochury, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Tangkhul, Tangsa, Tikhir, Wancho, Yimkhiung, Zeliangrong (Zemi, Liangmei, Rongmei/Kabui), Lamkang Naga	Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism
Nagpuria	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Nagpuri	India (Chota Nagpur Plateau)	Chik Baraik	Hinduism
Nanai	Tungusic → Nanaic → Nanai Tungusic → Ewenic → Kili Tungusic → Udegheic → Kilen	Russia, China		Shamanism, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Negidals	Tungusic → Northern Tungusic → Negidal	Russia (Khabarovsk Krai)		Shamanism
Nenets	Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets ^{[note 5]}	Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets	Shamanism, Animism
Newars	Sino-Tibetan → Newar	Nepal (Kathmandu Valley)	Rajupadhaya, Rajbhandari, Pradhan, Malla, Shrestha, Shakya, Chitrakar	Hinduism Buddhism → Vajrayana → Newar Buddhism
Ngaju	Austronesian → Barito → Ngaju	Indonesia (Central Kalimantan)	Bakumpai, Meratus	Kaharingan
Ngalop	Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Dzongkha	Bhutan	Kheng, Bumthang	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon
Nganasans	Uralic → Samoyedic → Nganasan; historically Indo-European → Slavic → Russian → Taimyr Pidgin Russian	Russia (Taymyr Autonomous Okrug)		Animism, Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Nias	Austronesian → Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands → Nias	Indonesia (Nias)		Christianity
Nicobarese	Austroasiatic → Nicobarese	India (Nicobar Islands)		Christianity, Animism
Nivkhs	Nivkh languages ^{[note 5]}	Russia (Khabarovsk Krai, Sakhalin Oblast)		Shamanism
Nùng	Kra–Dai → Tai → Nùng	Vietnam, China (Guangxi)		Moism
Nuristanis	Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani ^{[note 5]}	Afghanistan (Nuristan)	Safed-Posh Kaffirs (including Askunis), Kamkata-viris (including Kata and Kom)	Islam → Sunnism
Nyishi	Sino-Tibetan → Tani → Nishi	India (Arunachal Pradesh)		Christianity
Odia	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Odia	India (Odisha)	Utkala Brahmins, Khandayat, Bonaz, Badu; Bairagi (Oriya); Barika; Chaikwa; Chatarkheya; Dhobi, Oriya; Ganrar; Ghantarghada; Girigiria; Gond (Oriya); Haddi; Jhodia; Kobari; Koraga; Kuliya; Lohar, Oriya; Mali, Oriya; Malia; Panka (Oriya); Paroja; Patra; Radhi; Sannyasi; Teli, Oriya; Thanapati; Thoria	Hinduism
Onge	Ongan → Onge	India (Little Andaman Island)		Animism
Orang Laut	Austronesian → Malayic ^{[note 5]}	Malaysia (Malay Peninsula), Indonesia (Riau Archipelago), Singapore ^{[note 32]}	Loncong, Orang Seletar	Animism, Folk religion, Islam → Sunnism
Ormurs	Indo-European → Iranian → Ormuri	Afghanistan (Logar Province), Pakistan (South Waziristan)		Islam
Orochs	Tungusic → Udegheic → Oroch	Russia (Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Primorsky Krai)		Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy ^[23]
Oroks ^{[note 33]}	Tungusic → Nanaic → Orok	Russia (Sakhalin Oblast), Japan	Karafuto Oroks ^{[note 34]}	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism
Oroqens	Tungusic → Ewenic → Oroqen	China (Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia)		Shamanism, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism ^[24]
Ossetians	Indo-European → Iranian → Ossetian ^{[note 5]}	Georgia (South Ossetia)	Iron, Digor, Kudar, Trialeti Ossetians	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ot Danum	Austronesian → Greater Barito → Ot Danum	Indonesia (West and Central Kalimantan)	Lawangan, Ma'anyan	Kaharingan
Palembangese	Austronesian → Malayic → Palembang	Indonesia (South Sumatra)		Islam → Sunni Islam ^[25]
Palula	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Palula	Pakistan (Chitral District)	Ashreti, Biori	Islam → Sunni Islam ^[26]
Pamiris	Indo-European → Iranian → Pamir ^{[note 5]}	Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China)	Shughni, Sarikoli (including Tajiks of Xinjiang), Yazghulami, Munji, Yidgha, Sanglechi, Ishkashimi	Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism
Pangasinese	Austronesian → Philippine → Pangasinan	Philippines (Pangasinan)		Christianity → Catholicism
Parachis	Indo-European → Iranian → Parachi	Afghanistan (Nijrab District, Kabul)		Islam
Parsis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujaratic → Gujarati	Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan)		Zoroastrianism
Pashayi	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Pashayi ^{[note 5]}	Afghanistan (Laghman, Kapisa and Nangarhar Provinces)		Islam → Sunni Islam, Shia Islam → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism
Pashtuns	Indo-European → Iranian → Pashto ^{[note 5]}	Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan), Iran (Khorasan, Mazandaran), India	Kakar, Ghilji (including Lodi (including Niazi, Hotak (including Babai), and Lohani (including Marwat))), Popalzai (including Sudhan), Punjabi Pathans (including Malerkotla Pathans and Multani Pathans), Tareen, Bettani (including Shirani), Afridi, Sarbani, Bangash, Karlani, Rohilla, and other Pashtun tribes, with significant populations in India, Kashmir, Sri Lanka	Islam → Sunni Islam → Hanafi Sikhism
Persians	Indo-European → Iranian → Persian, Achomi	Iran (Fars)	Arab-Persians, Achomi, Sistanis (including Khorasani Sistanis and Golestani Sistanis), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, along with significant populations in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain	Islam → Shia Islam → Twelver Shi'ism, Islam → Sufism → Ni'matullāhī, Safaviyya, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí
Punjabis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Punjabic ^{[note 5]}	Punjab (Pakistan, India)	Arain, Awan, Gujjars, Jat, Bhatti, Khatris, Punjabi Rajputs, Sikhs (including Jat Sikhs), Chibhālīs,^[27] along with the Punjabi diaspora	Islam → Sunnism Hinduism, Sikhism, Ravidassia
Qarai	Indo-European → Iranian → Persian, Balochi	Iran (Kerman province)		Islam → Shi'ism
Qashqai	Turkic → Oghuz → Qashqai	Iran (Fars province)		Islam → Shi'ism
Qiang	Sino-Tibetan → Qiangic ^{[note 5]}	China (Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture)		Qiang folk religion
Qureshi	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kundal Shahi	Pakistan (Kundal Shahi)		Islam → Sunnism → Barelvi
Rabari	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati, Sindhi → Kutchi	India (Kutch)		Hinduism
Rade	Austronesian → Chamic → Rade	Central Highlands, Vietnam		Christianity
Rajasthanis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rajasthani ^{[note 5]}	India (Rajasthan)	Charan, Kachhi, Marwari, Meena, Rajputs (including Chandels, Mahyavanshi, and Molesalam)	Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism
Rajbanshi	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Kamtapuri	India (Assam, West Bengal), Bangladesh		Hinduism
Rakhine	Sino-Tibetan → Burmese → Arakanese	Myanmar (Rakhine State)	Marma	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Rejangese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Rejang	Indonesia (Rejang Lebong Regency)		Islam → Sunnism
Relli	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Reli, Hindi	India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal)		Hinduism
Rohingyas	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya	Myanmar (Rakhine State)		Islam
Rotenese	Austronesian → Timoric → Rotenese ^{[note 5]}	Indonesia (Rote Island)	Dela, Oenale	Christianity
Russians	Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Francosign → Russian Sign	Russia and surrounding regions	Siberians, Cossacks (including Nekrasov Cossacks), Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Kamchadals, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Starozhily, along with significant populations in Azerbaijan, China (including Hong Kong), Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Taiwan, Turkmenistan, Armenia (including Molokans), Uzbekistan	Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity
Ryukyuans	Japonic → Ryukyuan ^{[note 5]}^{[note 35]} Japonic → Japanese → Okinawan Japanese, Amami Japanese JSLic → Japanese Sign Koniya Sign Language	Japan (Ryukyu Islands)	Amami (including Kikai, Amami Ōshima (including Setouchi), Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu, and Yoron), Okinawans (including Kunigami) Miyakoans, Tarama, Yaeyama, Yonaguni	Irreligion; Ryukyuan religion; Christianity → Catholicism → Ryukyuan Catholicism
Saint Thomas Christians	Dravidian → Malayalamoid → Malayalam	India (Kerala)	Northists, Knanayas	Christianity → Saint Thomas Christianity
Sakizaya	Austronesian → East Formosan → Sakizaya	Hualien County (Taiwan)		Animism, Christianity
Salar	Turkic → Oghuz → Salar	China (Qinghai, Gansu)		Islam → Sunnism
Sama–Bajau	Austronesian → Barito → Sama–Bajaw ^{[note 5]}	Maritime Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei)^{[note 32]}	Sama (including Banguingui), Bajaw, Abaknon	Islam → Sunnism
Samaritans	Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew Afroasiatic → Arabic → Levantine Arabic → Palestinian Arabic Historically Afroasiatic → Northwest Semitic → Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan Aramaic	Israel, Palestine		Samaritanism
Sambal	Austronesian → Philippine → Sambalic ^{[note 5]}	Philippines (Zambales)	Bolinao, Botolan (including Banguingui)	Christianity → Catholicism
Sangirese	Austronesian → Philippine → Sangirese	Indonesia (Sangihe Islands), Philippines (Mindanao)		Christianity → Protestantism
Sanka	Japonic → Japanese → Sanka	Japan (mountainous regions of Honshu)		Animism
Sankethi Brahmin	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil → Sankethi	India (Karnataka)		Hinduism → Advaita Vedanta
Santal	Austroasiatic → Munda → Santali	India (West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha)^{[note 36]}		Christianity → Catholicism
Saraiki	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saraiki	Pakistan (Saraikistan, Derajat)	Khakwani, Derawali, Waiha	Islam
Sasak	Austronesian → Sasak	Indonesia (Lombok)		Islam
Saurashtras	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Saurashtra	India (South India)		Hinduism → Vaishnavism, Hinduism → Shaivism
Savu	Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Hawu	India (Savu)		Christianity → Protestantism
Seediq	Austronesian → Atayalic → Seediq	Taiwan (Nantou and Hualien Counties)	Tkdaya, Toda	Christianity, Animism
Selkups	Uralic → Samoyedic → Selkup	Russia (Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tyumen Oblast)		Shamanism, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Semnanis	Indo-European → Iranian → Semnani ^{[note 5]}	Iran (Semnan)	Biyabunakis, Sangsaris, Sorkheis, Aftaris, Lasgerdis	Islam → Shi'ism → Twelver Shi'ism
Sentinelese	Sentinelese	India (North Sentinel Island)		Animism ^[28]
Shan	Kra–Dai → Tai → Shan	Myanmar (Shan State)		Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Sharchops	Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tshangla	Bhutan (Lhuntse, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Trashigang, and Trashiyangtse Districts)		Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon
Sherpas	Sino-Tibetan → Tibetic → Sherpa	Nepal, India (Sikkim, West Bengal)		Buddhism
Shina	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Shina, Kohistani Shina	Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan)	Kohistani Shina	Islam
Shompen	Shompen	India (Great Nicobar Island)		Animism
Shors	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Shor	Russia (Gornaya Shoriya, Khakassia, Altai Republic)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism → Shor Shamanism
Sibe	Tungusic → Jurchenic → Xibe ^{[note 29]}	China (Liaoning, Jilin, Xinjiang)^{[note 36]}		Shamanism ^{[note 23]}
Siberian Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, Tom^{[note 37]}	Russia (Western Siberia)	Baraba Tatars, Chats, Eushta Tatars, Kalmak Tatars, Siberian Bukharans, Zabolotnie Tatars	Islam → Sunnism
Siberian Yupik	Aleut–Inuit–Yupik → Inuit–Yupik → Siberian Yupik, Naukan	Russia (Chukchi Peninsula)	Naukan	Shamanism
Siddi	Niger–Congo → Bantu → Swahili ^{[note 38]} → Sidi	Pakistan (Baluchistan, Sindh), India (Karnataka, Gujarat, Hyderabad)		Islam
Sika	Austronesian → Flores–Lembata → Sika	Indonesia (Sikka Regency)		Christianity → Catholicism
Sindhis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi	Pakistan (Sindh)	Jat, Jamote, Memon, Arain, Indian Sindhis	Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism; Hinduism
Sinhalese	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala	Sri Lanka	Dewa, British Sri Lankans, Burghers (including Portuguese Burghers and Dutch Burghers)	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Soqotris	Afroasiatic → Eastern South Semitic → Soqotri	Yemen (Socotra)		Islam
Soyots	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Soyot	Russia (Okinsky District)		Shamanism
Sri Lanka Kaffirs	Indo-European → Portuguese creoles → Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole	Sri Lanka (Puttalam, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Negombo)		Christianity → Catholicism; Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Sri Lanka Malays	Austronesian → Malay creoles → Sri Lankan Malay	Sri Lanka		Islam → Sunnism
Sri Lankan Moors	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil → Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil	Sri Lanka		Islam → Sunnism
Sri Lankan Chetties	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sinhala	Sri Lanka		Christianity → Catholicism, Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Subanons	Austronesian → Philippine → Subanon ^{[note 5]}	Philippines (Zamboanga Peninsula)	Kolibugan, Lapuyan	Christianity, Islam, Animism
Sui	Kra–Dai → Kam–Sui → Sui	China (Sandu Shui Autonomous County)		Animism
Sumba	Austronesian → Sumba–Flores → Sumba ^{[note 5]}	Indonesia (Sumba)	Anakalangu, East Sumbanese, Kodi, Lamboya, West Sumbanese, Mamboru, Wanukaka	Christianity → Protestantism
Sumbawa	Austronesian → Sumbawa	Indonesia (Sumbawa)		Islam
Sundanese	Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese	Indonesia (Java)	Bantenese, Baduy, Ciptagelar	Islam → Sunnism
Sylhetis	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Sylheti	Bangladesh (Sylhet Division), India (Barak Valley)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Syriacs	Afroasiatic → Semitic → Neo-Aramaic ^{[note 5]}^{[note 39]}	Syria (Qalamoun Mountains)	Arameans (includes Israeli Arameans), Chaldean Catholics from Nineveh and Bohtan, Citadel Christians	Christianity → Eastern Christianity → Syriac Christianity
Tagalogs	Austronesian → Philippine → Tagalog	Philippines		Christianity → Catholicism
Tajiks	Indo-European → Iranian → Tajik Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Russian Sign → Tajik Sign	Central Asia	Kharduri, Chagatai, with significant populations in Uzbekistan, Pakistan	Islam → Sunni Islam
Talysh	Indo-European → Iranian → Talysh	Azerbaijan, Iran		Islam → Shia Islam
Tamangs	Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tamang	Nepal, India (Sikkim)	Waiba, Lopchan, Thokar, Lama	Hinduism, Buddhism
Tamils	Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil Austronesian → Malay Creole → Malay Chetty	India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka (Northern and Eastern Provinces)	Indian Tamils (including Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka),^{[note 40]} Sri Lankan Tamils (including Negombo Tamils),^{[note 40]} Chitty, Giraavaru, Ambattar, along with significant populations in Malaysia, Singapore	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism
Tampuans	Austroasiatic → Bahnaric → Tampuan	Cambodia (Ratanakiri)		Animism
Tao	Austronesian → Batanic → Tao	Taiwan (Orchid Island)		Christianity, Anitism
Tashons	Sino–Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga → Tashon	Myanmar (Chin State (Falam Township))	Falam	Christianity
Tausūg	Austronesian → Bisayan → Tausug	Philippines (Sulu Archipelago)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Tboli	Austronesian → Philippine → Tboli	Philippines (South Cotabato)		Anitism
Tebers	Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Teberce	Turkey, Syria, Balkans		Islam → Alevism
Telengits	Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai → Telengit	Russia (Altai Republic)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Shamanism, Burkhanism
Teleuts	Turkic → Kipchak → Southern Altai → Teleut	Russia (Kemerovo Oblast)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism
Telugus	Dravidian → South-Central Dravidian → Telugu	India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana)	Reddy, Velama, Kapu, Raju, Madiga, Mala, Kaikalas, Adi Andhra, Adi Jambava, Vatuka (including Kamma, Balijas (including Kavarais), Gollas), Mumbai Telugus, Sri Lankan Telugus	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity
Thais	Kra–Dai → Tai → Central Thai, Southern Thai, Northern Thai, Northeastern Thai	Thailand	Southern Thai, Khorat, Lanna, Thai Isan and Thai diaspora	Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Tharus	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Tharu	Terai (Nepal, India)	Kathariya, Danuwar, Lampucchwa, Kochila, Sonha, Dangaura, Rana	Hinduism, Buddhism
Tibetans	Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tibetic,^{[note 5]} Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Tshangla → Pemako Tshangla, Tibetan Sign	China (Tibet), Nepal, Bhutan	Amdolese (including Golok and Tebbu), Khams, U-Tsang (including Ngari and Walung), Pemakopas, Changpa, Baima, Kachee	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Bon
Tiwa	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Tiwa ^{[note 2]}	India (Assam, Meghalaya)		Hinduism
Tofalars	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Tofa	Russia (Tofalariya)		Christianity
Toraja	Austronesian → South Sulawesi → Toraja	Indonesia (Tana Toraja)		Christianity → Protestantism
Trawara	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Mankiyali	Pakistan (Danna, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)		Islam^[29]
Tripuri	Sino-Tibetan → Sal → Kokborok	India (Tripura)	Jamatia, Murasing	Hinduism
Tujia	Sino-Tibetan → Tujia ^{[note 5]}^{[note 41]}	China (Wuling Mountains)		Nuo folk religion
Tuluvas	Tulu	India (Karnataka)		Hinduism
Turkmens	Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen, South Azerbaijani, Afshar	Turkmenistan, Iran (Turkmen Sahra), Afghanistan	Teke, Yomut, Bayandur, Afshar, Ersari, Chowdur, Saryk, Bayats, Kayıs, Iranian Turkmens, Afghan Turkmens, with significant populations in Pakistan	Islam → Sunni Islam
Turks	Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkish Sign	West Asia, the Caucasus	Turkish Turks (includes the Baraks, Manavs, Elbegli, Tahtacı, and other Anatolian Turkoman tribes), Turkish Cypriots (including Mainland Turks), Meskhetian Turks, Iraqi Turkmen, Syrian Turkmen, Lebanese Turkmen, Jordanian Turkmen, Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Egypt, Qatar, Israel, and Palestine	Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism
Tuvans	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Steppe Sayan Turkic → Tuvan Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Taiga Sayan Turkic → Tozhu Tuvan, Tere-Khöl Tuvan	Russia (Tuva), Mongolia (Khovsgol Province)	Tozhu Tuvans	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Udeges	Tungusic → Udegheic → Udege	Russia (Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai)		Shamanism
Ulchi	Tungusic → Southern Tungusic → Ulch	Russia (Ulchsky District)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Shamanism
Urak Lawoi	Austronesian → Malayic → Urak Lawoi	Thailand (Phuket)		Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Uyghurs	Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur	China (East Turkestan), Central Asia	Kashgartsy, Chantuu, Lops, with significant populations in Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey	Islam → Sunni Islam
Uzbeks	Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek ^{[note 5]}	Uzbekistan, Afghanistan	Ming, Yuzi, Kyrk, Karategin Uzbeks, Significant populations in Pakistan, and Turkey	Islam → Sunni Islam
Van Baoria	Indo-European → Rajasthani → Shekhawati	India (Rajasthan)	Vad Gujar, Param Veldo, Meowoti, Chandia, Gelot	Hinduism
Vedda	Indo-European → Sinhala-based creole → Vedda	Sri Lanka	Coast Veddas, Anuradhapura Veddas, Bintenne Veddas	Animism
Viets/Kinh	Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese Vietnamese sign languages ^{[note 5]}	Vietnam	Muong, Gin, Phen, Chứt, Thổ, Nung, Giay, along with significant populations in Cambodia, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Laos	Buddhism → Mahayana; Vietnamese folk religion; Caodaism; Hoa Hao
Visayans	Austronesian → Philippine → Bisayan ^{[note 5]}	Philippines (Visayas)	Aklanon, Butuanon, Cebuano (including Boholano and Eskaya), Caluyanon, Capiznon, Cuyunon, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbatenos, Negrenses, Porohanon, Romblomanon (including Bantoanons), Waray	Christianity → Catholicism
Wa	Austroasiatic → Palaungic → Wa	Myanmar (Wa State)		Buddhism, Animism
Wakhi	Indo-European → Iranian → Wakhi	Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China		Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism → Nizari Isma'ilism
Waxiang	Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Waxiang Chinese	China (Hunan)		Chinese folk religion
Yaghnobis	Indo-European → Iranian → Yaghnobi, Tajik	Tajikistan (Sughd Region)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Yakan	Austronesian → Barito → Yakan	Philippines (Basilan)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Yakuts	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut	Russia (Yakutia)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Yerukala	Dravidian → South Dravidian I → Yerukala	India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana)		Hinduism ^[30]
Yi	Sino-Tibetan → Loloish ^{[note 5]}	China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi)^{[note 36]}	Phu La, Azha, Nasu	Bimoism
Yugurs	Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Western Yugur Mongolic → Eastern Yugur	China (Gansu)		Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism, Tengrism
Yukaghir	Yukaghir languages ^{[note 5]}	Russia (Yakutia)		Shamanism
Zamboanguenos	Indo-European → Spanish-based creoles → Chavacano	Philippines (Zamboanga City)		Christianity → Catholicism
Zhuang	Kra–Dai → Tai → Zhuang ^{[note 5]}^{[note 42]}	China (Zhuangia)		Moism
Zomi	Sino-Tibetan → Kuki-Chin–Naga,^{[note 5]}^{[note 31]} Mruic ^{[note 5]}	Zogam (Myanmar, Bangladesh, India)	Tedim, Thadou, Paite, Zou, Kom, Koireng, Mizo (including Khiangte, Hmar (including Saihriem and Zote), Renthlei, Chawngthu, Miu-Khumi, and Ralte), Aimol, Sukte, Bawm, Lai, Biate, Chin (including Asho, Mro-Khimi, Mru (including Anok, Tshungma, Domrong, Dopteng, and Rumma), Anu, Chho, Cumtu Chin, and Hkongso (including Kasang, Htey, Kamu, Ngan, Gwa, Hteikloeh, Ngai, Rahnam, Kapu, Kasah, Namte, Krawktu, and Namluek)), Kuki (including Vaiphei, Khelma, Halam (including Korbong), Mate, and Simte) Gangte, and Bnei Menashe	Christianity

Notes

↑ Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
1 2 Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.
↑ Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.
↑ Due to the influence of assimilation into Acehnese culture, most Aneuk Jamee people use Acehnese as their everyday language.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
↑ During the Armenian genocide that occurred in Western Armenia, many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).
↑ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.
↑ The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.
↑ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.
↑ Otherwise known as Cagayan.
↑ Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible; they are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.
↑ Although a Nakh people, they are heavily assimilated into Georgian society.
↑ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.
↑ Otherwise known as Kupangese.
↑ The coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used. If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindustani dialect continuum, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.
↑ Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.
↑ The ResearchGate mirror (archive) contains metadata about the presentation.
↑ Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Japanese varieties, the Kagoshima/Satsugū^[13]^[14]^[15] and Tsugaru^[16]^{[note 17]} varieties are considered to be distinct languages from other Japanese varieties within a Japanesic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.^[17]^[18]
↑ The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.
↑ Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
↑ Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.
↑ While Jews originate in the Land of Israel, they were primarily a diaspora ethnicity from the late antique period until 1948, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, Israeli Jews make up only 45% of the worldwide Jewish population.^[20]
1 2 Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
↑ Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.
↑ The Lhoba speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages, all of which may or may not be mutually intelligible.
↑ Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.
↑ The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.
↑ Otherwise known as Keralites or Keralans.
1 2 The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.
↑ Most Maronites today speak Arabic since a language shift around the 17th century with Syriac in liturgical use, however some Maronites in Jish are reviving Aramaic.
1 2 The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.
1 2 This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
↑ Sometimes known as Ulita.
↑ Resettled in Hokkaido after 1945.
↑ All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.
1 2 3 Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
↑ While they are commonly subsumed into one Siberian Tatar language, the Tobol-Irtysh dialects belong to Kipchak-Nogai while the Baraba and Tom dialects belong to Kipchak-Kyrgyz.
↑ The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.
↑ The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Arameans are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.
1 2 The Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are distinct subgroups. The former are descended from the Tamil community that has lived in Sri Lanka since at least the 2nd century BCE, while the latter are the descendants of 19th- and 20th-century immigrants from South India. Also, most of the Indian Tamil population lives in the country's central highland region, while the native Tamils typically live in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.
↑ Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.
↑ Though many Zhuang languages are not closely related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects spoken among Zhuangs.

References

↑ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
↑ Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).
↑ "Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
↑ "A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic" (PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
↑ Chapman, Colin (2012). "Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future". Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. doi: 10.1177/0265378812439955 . S2CID 145722860.
↑ Chatty (15 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Pakistan: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.
↑ "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-19.
↑ De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
↑ "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.
↑ "Dioscese of Bayombong". CBCP. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
↑ 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines (PDF) (Report). National Statistics Office. 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
↑ Hutagalung, Stella Aleida (October 2016). "Muslim–Christian Relations in Kupang: Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace" . The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. 17 (5). Empatika: 439–459. doi:10.1080/14442213.2016.1226943 . Retrieved 2025-02-20.
↑ Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Umeyo Hirano (1989). The Japanese language. Translation: Umeyo Hirano. Tuttle Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6.
↑ Schwartz, William L. (1915). "A Survey of the Satsuma Dialect in Three Parts". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan . 43 (2). Asiatic Society of Japan: 14 – via Internet Archive. It is a well known fact that there are two provinces in the extremities of our country where the language of the inhabitants cannot be understood by Tokyo people, viz. – Mutsu in the North, and Satsuma in the South.
↑ Hattori, Shiro (1973). Hoenigswald, Henry M. (ed.). "Japanese Dialects" . Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics: 375. doi:10.1515/9783111418797-017. ISBN 9783111418797 – via De Gruyter Mouton. The dialect of the city is incomprehensible to the people of Honshu, although it is classified among the Mainland dialects because of a great linguistic gap between it and those of the Ryukyu Archipelago.
↑ Takubo, Yukinori (8 August 2018). Mutual Intelligibility as a measure of linguistic distance and intergenerational transmission (PDF). Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 16 and 29. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12014.66880. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Kagoshima". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Tsugaru". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
↑ Milner, Anthony (2011). "Chapter 7, Multiple forms of 'Malayness'". The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7748-1333-4 . Retrieved 17 February 2013.
↑ "World Jewish population rises to 15 Million". jewishagency.org. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
↑ "The Right to Accessible Communication and Information: Promoting Sign Language in Kyrgyzstan". United Nations Development Programme . 2024-12-05. Archived from the original on 2024-12-29. Retrieved 2024-12-29.
↑ Juha Janhunen (1996). Manchuria: An Ethnic History. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
↑ "Историческая Демография" [Historical Demography](PDF). Научный журнал (in Russian). 1 (5). 2010.
↑ 中国2010年人口普查资料 [2010 Chinese Census Data]. www.stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
↑ Kanwil Sumsel (2019). "Sosialisasi SP2020 "Partisipasi Aktif Lembaga Pemerintah dan Swasta Dalam Menyukseskan Sensus Penduduk 2020"". sumsel.kemenkumham.go.id (in Indonesian). Kantor Wilayah Sumatera Selatan - Kementerian Hukum dan Ham Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
↑ Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2009). "Palula". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3). Cambridge University Press: 381–386. doi: 10.1017/S0025100309990193 . JSTOR 44526552. S2CID 232347051.
↑ Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
↑ "When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders". The Times of India. 2018-12-03. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 2024-09-07.
↑ "A First Look at Mankiyali Language: An Endangered Language". ProQuest .
↑ Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen, eds. (2005). Primitive tribes in contemporary India: concept, ethnography and demography. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. p. 263. ISBN 81-8324-026-7.

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[Circassian_genocide-3] Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.

[Assam-4] 1 2 Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.

[5] Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.

[Aneuk_Jamee-6] Due to the influence of assimilation into Acehnese culture, most Aneuk Jamee people use Acehnese as their everyday language.

[Language_family-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.

[12] During the Armenian genocide that occurred in Western Armenia, many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).

[13] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.

[15] The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.

[18] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.

[19] Otherwise known as Cagayan.

[22] Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible; they are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.

[23] Although a Nakh people, they are heavily assimilated into Georgian society.

[24] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.

[25] Otherwise known as Kupangese.

[Hindustani-27] The coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used. If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindustani dialect continuum, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.

[28] Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.

[NINJAL_mirror-33] The ResearchGate mirror (archive) contains metadata about the presentation.

[Japanesic-36] Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Japanese varieties, the Kagoshima/Satsugū^[13]^[14]^[15] and Tsugaru^[16]^{[note 17]} varieties are considered to be distinct languages from other Japanese varieties within a Japanesic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.^[17]^[18]

[37] The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.

[39] Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.

[Jewish_languages-40] Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.

[42] While Jews originate in the Land of Israel, they were primarily a diaspora ethnicity from the late antique period until 1948, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, Israeli Jews make up only 45% of the worldwide Jewish population.^[20]

[non-religious-43] 1 2 Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.

[45] Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.

[46] The Lhoba speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages, all of which may or may not be mutually intelligible.

[47] Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.

[48] The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.

[49] Otherwise known as Keralites or Keralans.

[Tungusic-50] 1 2 The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.

[51] Most Maronites today speak Arabic since a language shift around the 17th century with Syriac in liturgical use, however some Maronites in Jish are reviving Aramaic.

[Chin–Naga-53] 1 2 The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.

[nomadic-54] 1 2 This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.

[56] Sometimes known as Ulita.

[57] Resettled in Hokkaido after 1945.

[Ryukyuan_languages-62] All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.

[non-contiguous-63] 1 2 3 Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.

[Siberian_Tatar_dialects-65] While they are commonly subsumed into one Siberian Tatar language, the Tobol-Irtysh dialects belong to Kipchak-Nogai while the Baraba and Tom dialects belong to Kipchak-Kyrgyz.

[66] The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.

[Neo-Aramaic-67] The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Arameans are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.

[TamilsSriLanka-68] 1 2 The Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are distinct subgroups. The former are descended from the Tamil community that has lived in Sri Lanka since at least the 2nd century BCE, while the latter are the descendants of 19th- and 20th-century immigrants from South India. Also, most of the Indian Tamil population lives in the country's central highland region, while the native Tamils typically live in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.

[70] Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.

[Zhuang_languages-72] Though many Zhuang languages are not closely related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects spoken among Zhuangs.

[1] Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.

[2] Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).

[8] "Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2022.

[9] "A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic" (PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[10] Chapman, Colin (2012). "Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future". Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. doi: 10.1177/0265378812439955 . S2CID 145722860.

[11] Chatty (15 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Pakistan: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.

[hsk-14] "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-19.

[16] De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

[17] "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.

[20] "Dioscese of Bayombong". CBCP. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2013-04-24.

[21] 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines (PDF) (Report). National Statistics Office. 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2020.

[26] Hutagalung, Stella Aleida (October 2016). "Muslim–Christian Relations in Kupang: Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace" . The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology. 17 (5). Empatika: 439–459. doi:10.1080/14442213.2016.1226943 . Retrieved 2025-02-20.

[29] Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Umeyo Hirano (1989). The Japanese language. Translation: Umeyo Hirano. Tuttle Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6.

[30] Schwartz, William L. (1915). "A Survey of the Satsuma Dialect in Three Parts". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan . 43 (2). Asiatic Society of Japan: 14 – via Internet Archive. It is a well known fact that there are two provinces in the extremities of our country where the language of the inhabitants cannot be understood by Tokyo people, viz. – Mutsu in the North, and Satsuma in the South.

[31] Hattori, Shiro (1973). Hoenigswald, Henry M. (ed.). "Japanese Dialects" . Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics: 375. doi:10.1515/9783111418797-017. ISBN 9783111418797 – via De Gruyter Mouton. The dialect of the city is incomprehensible to the people of Honshu, although it is classified among the Mainland dialects because of a great linguistic gap between it and those of the Ryukyu Archipelago.

[NINJAL-32] Takubo, Yukinori (8 August 2018). Mutual Intelligibility as a measure of linguistic distance and intergenerational transmission (PDF). Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 16 and 29. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12014.66880. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.

[34] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Kagoshima". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[35] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Tsugaru". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[KeturunanSG-38] Milner, Anthony (2011). "Chapter 7, Multiple forms of 'Malayness'". The Malays. John Wiley & Sons. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7748-1333-4 . Retrieved 17 February 2013.

[41] "World Jewish population rises to 15 Million". jewishagency.org. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2024.

[44] "The Right to Accessible Communication and Information: Promoting Sign Language in Kyrgyzstan". United Nations Development Programme . 2024-12-05. Archived from the original on 2024-12-29. Retrieved 2024-12-29.

[Janhunen1996_2-52] Juha Janhunen (1996). Manchuria: An Ethnic History. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.

[illhkomisc-55] "Историческая Демография" [Historical Demography](PDF). Научный журнал (in Russian). 1 (5). 2010.

[:0-58] 中国2010年人口普查资料 [2010 Chinese Census Data]. www.stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-07-09.

[59] Kanwil Sumsel (2019). "Sosialisasi SP2020 "Partisipasi Aktif Lembaga Pemerintah dan Swasta Dalam Menyukseskan Sensus Penduduk 2020"". sumsel.kemenkumham.go.id (in Indonesian). Kantor Wilayah Sumatera Selatan - Kementerian Hukum dan Ham Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 7 June 2022.

[60] Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2009). "Palula". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3). Cambridge University Press: 381–386. doi: 10.1017/S0025100309990193 . JSTOR 44526552. S2CID 232347051.

[61] Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.

[64] "When the Sentinelese shun bows and arrows to welcome outsiders". The Times of India. 2018-12-03. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 2024-09-07.

[69] "A First Look at Mankiyali Language: An Endangered Language". ProQuest .

[71] Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen, eds. (2005). Primitive tribes in contemporary India: concept, ethnography and demography. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. p. 263. ISBN 81-8324-026-7.

[1]

[2]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[note 6]

[note 7]

[7]

[note 8]

[8]

[9]

[note 9]

[note 10]

[10]

[11]

[note 11]

[note 12]

[note 13]

[note 14]

[12]

[note 15]

[note 16]

[note 18]

[note 19]

[19]

[note 20]

[note 21]

[note 22]

[note 23]

[21]

[note 24]

[note 25]

[note 26]

[note 27]

[note 28]

[note 29]

[note 30]

[22]

[note 31]

[note 32]

[23]

[note 33]

[note 34]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[note 35]

[note 36]

[28]

[note 37]

[note 38]

[note 39]

[note 40]

[29]

[note 41]

[30]

[note 42]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[note 17]

[17]

[18]

[20]

List of contemporary ethnic groups of Asia

Contents

Ethnic groups

Notes

References