This article is a resource of the native names of most of the major languages in the world. These are endonymic glossonyms.
Aari – Aari
Aasáx † – Aasá
Abaza – Aбаза бызшва
Abellen – Ayta Abellen
Abenaki † – Alnôba, Wôbanakiôdwawôgan
Abkhaz – Aҧсуа бызшәа, Aҧсшәа
Abui – Abui
Abure – ɔbule ɔyʋɛ
Acehnese – Aceh or Bahsa Acèh
Achang – Mönghsa, ŋa˨˩ʈʂhaŋ˨˩
Achi – achi'ТеЗя
Achumawi † – Achomawi or Ajúmmááwí
Adai † – Tenánat Hadéyas
Adangme – Adangbɛ
Adangbe – Adangbe
Adele – Gidire
Adioukrou – mɔjukru
Adnyamathanha – Yura Ngawarla
Adyghe – Адыгабзэ
Afade – afaë
Afar – Qafár af
Afrihili – El-Afrihili
Afrikaans – Afrikaans
Aguacateco – awakateko
Aghem – aghím
Aghul – агъул чӀал
Ahtna – Atnakenaege
Ainu – アイヌ イタク, Aynu Itak
Ajië – A’jie, Ajië, Houailou, Wai, Wailu
Akan – Akan, Fante, Twi
Akkadian † – akkadû or 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑
Akkala Sámi – äh'k'el'säm'la
Aklanon – Akeanon, Binisaya nga Akeanon or Inakeanon
Akum – aakuem
Alabama – Albaamaha
Albanian – Shqip, Shqiptar
Algerian Saharan Arabic – dŷazāri' or جزائري
Aleut – Unangam Tunuu, Унáҥам Тунý
Algonquin – ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ or anicinâbemowin
Altai – Алтай тили
Alyutor – nəməlʔu
Amdang – Sìmí Amdangtí
Amharic – ኣማርኛ
Amo – Timap
Ancient Egyptian Language † – 𓂋𓏺𓈖 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖
Ancient Greek † – Ἑλληνική
Andalusian Arabic † – عربية أندلسية
Anfillo – Mao
Angika – अंगिका
Angloromani – Romanichal
Apache – Ndéé
Apsaalooke – Apsaalooke
Arabela – Tapweyokwaka
Arabic – العربية
Aragonese – l'Aragonés
Aramaic – ܐܪܡܝܐ
Arapaho – Hinono'eitiit
Arbëreshë Albanian – Arbërisht
Archi – аршаттен
Arikara – Sáhniš
Arin † – bbˈirk
Armenian – Հայերեն
Aromanian – Aromanian
Arpitan – arpetan or francoprovençâl
Arrernte – Arrernte Angkentye
Arvanitika – arbërisht or αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ
Assamese – অসমীয়া
Assiniboine – Nakhóda
Asturian – Asturianu
Auslan – Sign Language
Atikamekw – Nēhinawēwin
Avar – МагIарул МацI
Avestan – 𐬆𐬬𐬈𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬥
Awadhi – अवधी
Aweer – Boni
Awijilah – Tawjilit, طاوجيليت or ⵟⴰⵡⵊⵉⵍⵉⵜ
Ayapaneco – Ayapaneco
Aymara – Aymar Aru
Äynu – ئەينۇ
Azerbaijani – Azərbaycanca
Azoyu Me'phaa – me̱'pha̱a̱ tsíndíí
Babine – Witsuwit’en, ᗔᙣᗔᗥᐣ
Baga † – Barka
Bai – 白语
Baki – Baki
Balinese – ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ
Balti – སྦལ་ཏིའི་སྐད་, بلتی
Bambara – Bamanankan
Bantu † – Narrow Bantu
Basa-Gumna † – Basa-Kaduna, Basa Kuta
Bashkir – башҡорт Теле, Başqort Tele
Basque – Euskara
Bassa – ɓasaá
Batak – ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲
Belarusian – Беларуская
Bemba – iciBemba
Bengali – বাংলা
Berber – Tamaziɣt, Tamazight, or ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
Berta – Gebeto or Wetawit
Betawi – Basè Betawi, Basa Betawi
Bezhta – бежкьалас миц
Bhojpuri – 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲, भोजपुरी, بھوجپوري
Big Nambas – V'ənen Taut
Bijago – Kangaki-Kagbaaga-Kajoko Bidyogo
Bikol – Bikol
Bislama – Bislama
Blackfoot – ᑯᖾᖹ, ᓱᖽᐧᖿ
Bodo – बड़ो
Bosnian – Босански, Bosanski
Breton – Brezhoneg
Buginese – ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Buhid – ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ
Bulgarian – български език
Burmese – မြန်မာစာ or မြန်မာစကား
Buryat – буряад хэлэн
Bussa – Mossittaata, Mossiya, ሞስሲትቷታ or ሞስሲያ
Caddo – Hasí:nay
Cahto – Katoiana
Cahuarano † – Cahuiawano
Cahuilla – Ivia
Canichana † – ?
Cantonese – 廣東話
Carrier – ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ
Catalan – Català
Catawba – Katapa
Cayuga – Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’
Cebuano – Bisaya, Sinugboanon
Chakma - 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴
Chalcatongo Mixtec – Chalcatongo
Cham – ꨌꩌ
Chamorro – Chamoru, Fino'Chamorro
Chechen – Нохчийн Mотт
Cherokee – ᏣᎳᎩ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ
Chewa – Nyanja
Cheyenne – Tsėhesenėstsestotse, Tsisinstsistots
Chhattisgarhi – छत्तीसगढ़ी
Chickasaw – Chikasha
Chinese – 汉语, 漢語, 华语, 華語, or 中文
Chinese (Classical) – 古文 or 文言
Chipewyan – ᑌᓀᓲᒢᕄᓀ, Dene Suline, Dëne Sųłiné
Chittagonian – চাটগাঁইয়া বুলি
Chocangaca – ཁྱོ་ཅ་ང་ཅ་ཁ་
Choctaw – Chahta', Chahta Anumpa
Chukchi – чаучу
Chulym – Ось тили, тадар тили
Chuvash – Чӑвашла, Çăvaşla
Cimbrian – Zimbrisch
Cocos Islands Malay – Basa Pulu Cocos
Comanche – Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ
Cook Islands Māori – ‘Airani
Coptic – ⲘⲉⲧⲢⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Cornish – Kernewek, Kernowek
Corsican – Corsu
Cree – ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
Croatian – Hrvatski
Cupeño † – Kupangaxwicham Pe'memelki
Cypriot Arabic – Sanna
Czech – Český Jazyk, Čeština
Dair – Thaminyi or طهامينيي
Dakhini – دکنی
Dakota – Dakȟótiyapi
Dalecarlian – Dalmål
Danish – Dansk
Dargwa – Дарган Mез
Dari – فارسی, دری, دريلو, or Yazdi
Dhivehi – ދިވެހި
Dolgan – Дулҕан, Dulğan, Һака, Haka
Domari – Dômarî
Drehu – Dehu, Lifou, Lifu, Qene Drehu
Dungan – 回族语言, Xуэйзў йүян
Durkha – тyъһа тыл
Dutch – Nederlands
Dutton World Speedwords – rapmotz
Dzongkha – རྫོང་ཁ་
E – 誒
Egyptian Arabic † – اللغة المصرية العامية
English – English
Erzya – Эрзянь Kель
Esperanto – Esperanto
Estonian – Eesti
Even – эвэн то̄рэ̄нни or эвэды
Evenki – Эвэды̄ турэ̄н
Ewe – Èʋe, Èʋegbe
Extremaduran – Estremeñu
Eyak † – dAXhunhyuuga'
Fala – Fala
Faroese – Føroyskt
Fijian – Na vosa vaka-Viti, Vakaviti
Fiji Hindi – फिजी बात or Fiji Baat
Filipino – Wikang Filipino
Filipino Sign Language – Sign Language
Finnish – Suomi
Fon – Fon gbè, Fɔngbè
French – Français
Frisian (North) – Noordfreesk
Frisian (Saterland) – Seeltersk
Frisian (West) – Frysk
Friulian – Furlan
Fula – Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular
Fur – For
Ga – Gã
Gagauz – Gagauz
Galician – Galego
Gallo – Galo
Gan – 赣语, 贛語
Garre – ?
Ge'ez – ግዕዝ
Georgian – ქართული
German – Deutsch
Gikuyu – Gĩkũyũ
Gilbertese – Taetae ni Kiribati
Godoberi – ГъибдилӀи Mицци, Ɣibdiƛi Micci
Gothic † – 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
Greek – Ελληνικά
Greenlandic – Kalaallisut
Grenadian French Creole – Patwa
Guaraní – Avañe'ẽ or Javy ju
Gujarati – ગુજરાતી
Gumuz – Bega
Gurung – तमु क्यी
Gwich'in – Gwich'in
Haida – Xaat Kíl
Hainanese – 海南話
Haitian Creole – Kreyòl Ayisyen
Hakka – 客家話, 客家话
Harari – ሃራሪ
Haryanvi – हरयाणवी
Hausa – حَوْسَ
Hawaiian – ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi
Hebrew – עברית
Herero – Otjiherero
Hiligaynon – Ilonggo
Hill Mari – Мары йӹлмӹ
Himba – Omuhimba, Simba
Hindi – हिन्दी
Hindko – ہندکو
Hindustani – ہندوستانی, हिन्दुस्तानी
Hinuq – гьинузас мец
Hiri Motu – Hiri Motu
Hmong – lol Hmongb, lus Hmoob, lug Moob, 𖬌𖬣𖬵
Hopi – Hopilàvayi or Hopílavayi
Hungarian – Magyar
Icelandic – Íslenska
Ido – Ido
Igala – Igala
Igbo – Asụsụ Igbo
Ik – Icetot
Ili Turki – İlı turkeşi, И̇лı туркес̧и, ي̇لي تۋركەسي
Ilocano – Iloko, Pagsasao nga Iloko
Indonesian – Bahasa Indonesia
Ingush – ГӀалгӀай мотт
Interlingua – Interlingua
Interlingue (Occidental) – Interlingue
Interslavic – Medžuslovjansky, Меджусловјанскы
Inuinnaqtun – ?
Inuit Sign Language – Atgangmuurngniq, ᐊᑦᒐᖕᒨᕐᖕᓂᖅ or ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ
Inuktitut – ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
Inupiaq – Iñupiatun
Irish – Gaeilge
Isthmus Nahuatl – Mela'tájtol
Istro Romanian – Istroromånă
Italian – Italiano
Iu Mien - Iu Mienh
Ivatan – Chirin nu Ibatan
Japanese – 日本語, 日本語
Jarawa – Aongəŋ
Javanese – ꦧꦱꦗꦮ
Judaeo-Spanish – גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול, Ladino
Jutish – Jydsk
Jèrriais – Jèrriais
Kabardian – Адыгэбзэ
Kabyle – شئعم
Kachin - ဈိာင်ဖေါစ်
Kaingang – Kanhgág
Kaixana – Too few people for it to be written/typed (1 Person as of 2020)
Kapampangan – Kapampangan
Kannada – ಕನ್ನಡ
Kanuri – Kanuri
Karakalpak – Қарақалпақ тили, Qaraqalpaq tili
Karamojong – ŋaKaramojoŋ or ŋaKarimojoŋ
Karelian – Karjalan Kieli
Karen - ကညီကျိာ်
Karenni - ꤊꤢꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬
Kashmiri – كٲشُر, कॉशुर, Kạ̄šur, Koshur
Kashubian – Kaszëbsczi Jãzëk
Kazakh – Қазақ Tілі
Kelantanese Malay – بهاس ملايو كلنتن or Baso Kelate
Kendeje – Kendeje
Ket – Остыганна ӄа'
Khakas – Хакас Tілі
Khanty – ханты
Khmer – ភាសាខ្មែរ
Khoekhoe – Khoekhoegowab
Khowar – کھوار
Khmu - Kmhmu
Kimki – ?
Kinyarwanda – Ikinyarwanda or Runyarwanda
Komi – Коми
Konkani – कोंकणी, Konknni, കൊങ്കണി, ಕೊಂಕಣಿ
Korean – 조선말, 한국어
Koryak – нымылан
Kosraean – Kosrae
Kuanua – Tinata Tuna
Kunama – ?
Kuliak – Rub
Kumyk – Къумукъ Tил
Kurdish – Kurdí, کوردی, or K’öрди
Kurdish (Southern) – کوردی خوارین, Kurdîy Xwarîn
Kurmanji – Kurmancî, کورمانجی
Kutchi – کچھی or કચ્છી
Kwadi † – !Kwa/tse
Kyrgyz – Кыргыз тили
Laal – yəw láà:l
Ladakhi – ལ་དྭགས་སྐད།
Ladin – Ladin
Lakha – ལ་ཁ་
Lakota – Lakȟótiyapi
Lao – ພາສາລາວ
Latin – Lingua Latīna
Latvian – latviešu
Laz – ლაზური ნენა
Leonese – Llïonés
Lepcha – ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰛᰧᰶᰵ
Limbu – ᤕᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ
Limburgish – Lèmburgs
Lingala – Lingála
Lisu – ꓡꓲ-ꓢꓴ or ꓡꓲꓢꓴ
Lithuanian – Lietuvių
Livonian – Līvõ Kēļ or Rāndakēļ
Low German – Plattdüütsch
Low Prussian Dialect – Niederpreußisch
Luba-Kasai – Tshiluba
Luganda – Luganda, LùGáànda, Oluganda
Luiseño – Cham'teela
Luo – Kavirondo or Dholuo
Luri – لری or Lori
Luxembourgish – Lëtzebuergesch
Maasai – ɔl Maa
Macedonian – Mакедонски
Madurese – Basa Mathura
Magahi – मगही
Maguindanao – Maguindanao
Magar – मगर भाषा
Maithili – मैथिली, মৈথিলী
Makassarese – Basa Mangkasara', ᨅᨔ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ
Malagasy – Malagasy
Malay – بهاس ملايو or Bahasa Melayu
Malayalam – മലയാളം
Maltese – Malti
Manchu – ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
Mandarin – 國語
Manx – Gaelg
Marathi – मराठी
Marshallese – Ebon, Kajin M̧ajeļ, Kajin Majõl
Marwari – मारवाड़ी, مارواڑی
Masalit – kana masara
Meadow Mari – олык марий
Meitei – মনিপুরি, মৈতৈলোল্, মৈতৈলোন্, মৈথৈ
Miami-Illinois – Myaamia
Michoacán Nahuatl – Pómaro Nahuatl
Min – 閩語 or 闽语
Min Bei – 闽北语
Min Dong – 閩東語
Min Nan – 閩南語 or 闽南语
Min Zhong – 闽中话
Mon – ဘာသာ မန်
Mongolian – Монгол Хэл, ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ
Montenegrin – crnogorski, црногорски
Mor – ?
Muscogee Creek – Mvskoke, Mvskokē
Musgu – Mulwi
Muskum † – Muzuk
Mussau-Emira – Mussau-Emira
Māori – te Reo Māori
Nagumi † – Gong or Ngong
Nahuatl – Māsēwallahtōlli, Mexicano, or Nāhuatlahtōlli
Naukan Yupik – ?
Navajo – Diné bizaad
Ndyuka –
Nepal Bhasa – नेपाल भाषा
Nepali – नेपाली
New Zealand Sign Language – Sign Language
Ngbee † – Lingbee
Nihali – ?
Northern Thai – ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ
Norwegian – Norsk
Nottoway – Cheroenhaka
Nuosu/Yi – ꆈꌠ꒿
Nyangia – Nyang'i
Occitan – Occitan
Odia – ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oirat – ᡆᡕᡅᠷᠠᡑ ᡘᡄᠯᡄᠨ
Oirata – ?
Ojibwe – ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ
Okinawan Japanese – ウチナーヤマトゥグチ
Old Church Slavonic † – Словѣ́ньскъ Ѩзꙑ́къ, ⰔⰎⰀⰂⰑⰐⰊⰍ
Old English † – Anglisc, Ænglisc, Englisc, or ᚫᛝᛚᛁᛋᚻ
Omotik † – Laamoot
Onge – Öñge
Ontong Java – Luangiua
Oroch – Орочи кэсэни
Orok – ульта
Oromo – Afaan Oromoo
Ossetian – иронау, ирон ӕвзаг
Note: Georgia but there is a dispute with Russia and Georgia with North Ossetia and South Ossetia is wanting independence.
Pahari – पहाड़ी
Palula – پالولہ
Pandan Bikol – Pandanon
Pangasinan – Pangasinan
Paratio † – ?
Parya – Парья
Pashto – پښتو
Pattani Malay – بهاس جاوي, Bahasa Jawi, or ภาษายาวี
Persian – فارسی
Phoenician † – 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤌
Pidgin – ?
Piman – Tepiman
Pipil – Náhuat or Nawat
Pirahã – xapaitíiso
Pitjantjatjara – Pitjantjatjara
Plautdietsch – Plautdietsch
Polish – Język polski, polski, or polszczyzna
Portuguese – Português
Punjabi – पंजाबी, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, or پنجابی
Pu-Xian Min – 興化話 or 莆仙話
Quechuan – Runasimi
Raga – Hano
Rajasthani – राजस्थानी
Rinconada – Rinconada
Rohingya – 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝
Romani – Romani Ćhib
Romanian – Română
Ramanos † – ?
Romansh – Rumantsch
Russian – Русский
Rusyn – Русиньский Язык, Русиньска Бесїда
Ruthenian † – Руский Языкъ
Rotokas – Rotokas
Sadri – सादरी (नागपुरी), ସାଦ୍ରୀ, সাদরি
Sámi (Inari) – anarâškielâ
Sámi (Kildin) – Кӣллт са̄мь кӣлл
Sámi (Lule) – julevsámegiella
Sámi (Northern) – davvisámegiella
Sámi (Pite) – bidumsámegiella
Sámi (Skolt) – sääʹmǩiõll, nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll
Sámi (Southern) – åarjelsaemien gïele
Sámi (Ter) – Са̄мькӣлл, saa´mekiil
Sámi (Ume) – ubmejensámien giella
Samoan – Gagana Sāmoa
Sanskrit – संस्कृतम्, संस्कृता वाक्
Sardinian – Sardu
Sasak – ᬪᬵᬲᬵᬲᬓ᭄ᬱᬓ᭄
Saurashtra – ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ
Scots – Scots, Scottis, Scots leid, Lallans
Scottish Gaelic – Gàidhlig
Serbian – Српски, Srpski
Serbo-Croatian – srpskohrvatski/српскохрватски, also hrvatskosrpski/хрватскосрпски
Serer – Seereer, Seereer-Siin
Shan – လိၵ်ႈတႆး
Shanghainese – 上海闲话
Sherpa language – शेर्पा, ཤེར་པཱ།
Shona – Shona
Sicilian – Sicilianu
Sikkimese – འབྲས་ལྗོངས་
Silesian – Ślōnski, Ślůnski
Sindhi – سنڌي
Sinhala – සිංහල
Slovak – Slovenčina
Slovene – Slovenščina
Somali – اللغة الصومالية, Af-Soomaali
Sorani – سۆرانی, Soranî
Sotho – Sesotho
Spanish – Español
Stellingwarfs – Stellingwerfs
Sundanese – ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ
Sumerian † – 𒅴𒂠 (EME.G̃IR15)
Surajpuri – सुरजापुरी, সুরজাপুরী
Susuami – ?
Swahili – Kiswahili
Swedish – Svenska
Swiss German – Schwyzerdütsch
Sylheti – ছিলটী, সিলেটী
Taa – ǃXóõ
Tagalog – ᜏᜒᜃᜅ᜔ ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔, Wikang Tagalog
Tahitian – Reo Mā'ohi, Reo Tahiti
Tai Dam – ꪺꪕꪒꪾ
Tai Khün – ไทเขิน
Tai Lü – ᦑᦺᦟᦹᧉ
Tai Nüa – ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tajik – Тоҷикӣ
Tamang – तामाङ
Tamil – தமிழ்
Tangut † – 𗼇𗟲
Tatar – تاتارچا, Tatarça, Tатарча
Tausug – Bahasa Sūg
Telugu – తెలుగు
Tepes – Soo
Teribe – Naso, Norteño, Quequexque, Teribe, Tiribi, or Térraba
Tetum – Lia-Tetun
Terengganu – Ccakak Tranung
Thai – ภาษาไทย
Tibetan – དབུས་སྐད་
Tigrinya – ትግርኛ
Tofa – Тоъфа дыл
Tok Pisin – Tok Pisin
Tongan – Lea faka-Tonga
Tongva † – Gabrielino
Tsez – Цез Мец, Цезяс Мец
Tswana – Setswana
Tuareg – Tamahaq, Tamajaq, Tamasheq, or ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ
Tunica – Luhchi Yoroni
Tunisian Arabic – تونسي
Turkish – Türkçe
Turkmen – Türkmençe or Türkmen dili
Tulu – ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ, തുളു ബാസെ, or
Tumpoon – ?
Tübatulabal – Pakaːnil
Tuvan – тыва дыл
Tzeltal – Bats'il k'op
Tzotzil – Batsʼi kʼop
Ubykh † – twaxəbza
Uduk – Tw'ampa or T'wampa
Ukrainian – Українська
Upper Sorbian – Hornjoserbsce
Urdu – اُردُو
Uspanteco – uspantek
Uyghur – ئۇيغۇر تىلى
Uzbek – اوزبیک, Ўзбек, Oʻzbek
Vaagri Booli – ஃஅக்கிபிக்கி
Vai – ꕙꔤ
Valencian – Valencià
Vedda – ?
Venda – Tshivenḓa
Venetian – Vèneto
Vietnamese – Tiếng Việt Nam
Vincentian Creole – Naygar (meaning people not Vincentian Creole)
Vlax Romani – řomani čhib
Volapük – Volapük
Votic – Vaddja
Võro – Võro Kiil
Wa - Va
Walloon – Walon
Warlpiri – Warlpiri
Welsh – Cymraeg
Western Itelmen – итэнмэн
West Frisian – Frysk
Wintu – wintʰuːh
Wolof – Wolof
Wu – 吴方言
Xaracuu – Kanala, Xârâcùù
Xhosa – isiXhosa
Xiang – 湘语
Xibe – ᠰᡞᠪᡝᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Xucuru † – ?
Xiriâna † – Bahwana
Yapese – Yapese
Yakut – Саха тыла
Yanesha' – Yanešač̣
Yiddish – ייִדיש ייִדיש
Yoruba – Èdè Yorùbá
Yuchi – Tsoyaha
Yue – 粵語, 粤语, 廣東話, or 广东话
Zaghawa – Beria
Zaza – Zazaki
Zulu – isiZulu
Zuni – Shiwi’ma
Zuojiang Zhuang – 話僮
Zyphe Chin – ?
† = Extinct dialect
'Phags-pa † – ꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ
Abkhaz – Aҧсшәа
Anglo-Saxon † – ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ
Armenian Alphabet – Հայկական Այբուբեն
Avestan – 𐬆𐬬𐬈𐬯𐬙𐬆𐬥
Basahan † – Guhit
Baybayin † – ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Bopomofo – ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ
Borama – 𐒄𐒋𐒦𐒩𐒗𐒓
Braille – ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠑
Carian – 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊹𐊠𐊵
Deseret – 𐐔𐐯𐑅𐐨𐑉𐐯𐐻
Glagolitic † – Кѷрїлловица, ⰍⱛⰓⰊⰎⰎⰑⰂⱄⰜⰀ
Hanunó'o – ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ
Kayah Li – ꤊꤢꤛꤢꤟ ꤜꤤ
Kulitan –
Mandombe – Mandombe
N'Ko – ߒߞߏ
Osmanya – 𐒋𐒘𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒒𐒕𐒀
Runic † – ᚱᚢᚾᛟ
Shavian – 𐑖𐑱𐑝𐑾𐑯
Siddhaṃ – 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Tagbanwa – ᝦᝪᝨᝯ
Tai Tham – ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
† = Extinct alphabet or Script
ǂAkhoe – ǂAkhoe Haiǁom
Albanian (Gheg) – gegnisht
Albanian (Tosk) – toskërisht
Amoy – 廈門話 or 厦门话
Armenian (Eastern) – Արևելահայերեն
Armenian (Western) – Արեւմտահայերէն
Fuzhou – 平話 or 福州話
Hazāragī – هزارگی
Hokkien – 福佬話
Kwanyama – Oshikwanyama
Meänkieli – Meänkieli
Monégasque – Munegascu
Māori English – Māori English
Ningbo – 寧波閒話
Pothohari – پوٹھوهاری or پوٹھواری
Quanzhou – 泉州話
Sapudi – Bhâsa Sapudi
Saraiki – سرائیکی, ਸਰਾਇਕੀ, सराइकी
Seroa † – ǃGãǃne, ǁKuǁe
Teochew – 潮州話
Many languages require special fonts in order to display correctly. Most use fonts from the font family Noto, created by Google. They can be downloaded here.
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support. By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing the local government they tolerate.
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations. These rights can be created in written form or by historic usage.
There are several hundred languages in China. The predominant language is Standard Chinese, which is based on Beijingese, but there are hundreds of related Chinese languages, collectively known as Hanyu, that are spoken by 92% of the population. The Chinese languages are typically divided into seven major language groups, and their study is a distinct academic discipline. They differ as much from each other morphologically and phonetically as do English, German and Danish, but meanwhile share the same writing system (Hanzi) and are mutually intelligible in written form. There are in addition approximately 300 minority languages spoken by the remaining 8% of the population of China. The ones with greatest state support are Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang.
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory. Such people are termed linguistic minorities or language minorities. With a total number of 196 sovereign states recognized internationally and an estimated number of roughly 5,000 to 7,000 languages spoken worldwide, the vast majority of languages are minority languages in every country in which they are spoken. Some minority languages are simultaneously also official languages, such as Irish in Ireland or the numerous indigenous languages of Bolivia. Likewise, some national languages are often considered minority languages, insofar as they are the national language of a stateless nation.
A regional language is a language spoken in a region of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province or some wider area.
A wilayah is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate". The word comes from the Arabic root "w-l-y", "to govern": a wāli—"governor"—governs a wālāya, "that which is governed". Under the Caliphate, the term referred to any constituent near-sovereign state.
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation", a multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual, and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom.
A national language is a language that has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a nation. The term is applied quite differently in various contexts. One or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country may be referred to informally or designated in legislation as national languages of the country. National languages are mentioned in over 150 world constitutions.
An autonomous administrative division is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy—self-governance—under the national government. Autonomous areas are distinct from the constituent units of a federation in that they possess unique powers for their given circumstances. Typically, it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the state or populated by a national minority, which may exercise home rule. Decentralization of self-governing powers and functions to such divisions is a way for a national government to try to increase democratic participation or administrative efficiency or to defuse internal conflicts. States that include autonomous areas may be federacies, federations, or confederations. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies, and local autonomies.
Serbia has only one nationwide official language, which is Serbian. The largest other languages spoken in Serbia include Hungarian, Bosnian and Croatian. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina has 6 official languages: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn; whilst Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, which Serbia claims as its own, has two: Albanian and Serbian.
The Romanian language is widely spoken in Serbia. This country hosts large native Romanian-speaking populations, which can be divided into the ethnic Romanians in the autonomous region of Vojvodina and the Romanian/Vlachs of the Timok Valley, a geographical region in Central Serbia. The former speak the Banat Romanian, identify as Romanians and have full rights within the autonomous region. Romanian is one of the six officially recognized languages of Vojvodina. Romanian/Vlachs speak archaic varieties of the Banat and Oltenian Romanian. Some of the members of community do not identify as Romanians and their language is not recognized as Romanian within Serbia. A "Vlach language" has gone under attempted standardization in the country, using a Cyrillic alphabet. This has been criticized in Romania, and attempts to bring Romanian-language resources and education to the Timok Vlachs have been blocked by the Serbian authorities.
A salient, panhandle, or bootheel is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state.
Many countries and national censuses currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their populations by languages, native language, home language, level of knowing language or a combination of these characteristics.
A majority-minority or minority-majority area is a term used to refer to a subdivision in which one or more racial, ethnic, and/or religious minorities make up a majority of the local population.